Exploration
How Did Each of the Following
Influence European Expansion?
•The Crusades
•The Vikings
•Marco Polo
V
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g
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What Motivated Europeans
To Venture Outward?
“To serve God and His Majesty,
to give light to those who were
in darkness, and to grow rich
as all men desire to do.”
Bartholomew Diaz
Exploration
• 3 main reasons for exploration: God,
Glory, and Gold
Technology
The
Astrolabe
The Caravel
Its triangular sails allowed it to sail against the wind
Exploration
• The leading country in this sailing technology is
Portugal
Exploration
• Prince Henry of Portugal
influenced exploration by
opening a navigational
school
Portugal’s Routes
Exploration
• 1st Explorer is
Bartolomeu Diaz
who sailed to the tip
of Africa
Exploration
• The 1st European to go to
India was Vasco da Gama
for Portugal
Exploration
• Spain was the next country to explore
Christopher Columbus
Exploration
• In 1492, Christopher Columbus an Italian tried
to sail west to get to the east and landed on an
island in the Caribbean Sea
Exploration
• Pedro Cabral of
Portugal also went
west and landed in
Brazil
• He claimed it for
Portugal and Spain
got mad
Exploration
• Spain and Portugal fought over the new
land
• To decrease the conflict they signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the world
for Spanish and Portugal exploration
Spain
• Amerigo Vespucci
was the first explorer
to know that the
Americas was a new
world = new land was
named after him
Spain
• Hernando Cortes led an expedition of
conquistadors to Mexico where he heard
of a great Aztec empire ruled by
Montezuma II
• Cortes conquered the Aztecs by using
guns, native enemies of the Aztecs, and
disease
Hernando Cortes
Montezuma II
Spain
• Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan
Empire in South America by kidnapping
and then killing the king
P
i
z
a
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o
Coronado
Spain
• Spanish priests came to
the new world to spread
faith and criticize the
treatment of Native
Americans
• Bartolome de Las
Casas sent letters to the
Spanish King trying to
help the Native
Americans
Spain
• Spain would create an encomienda
system where natives worked for Spanish
lords in the new world = cheap labor force
• No women = Spanish married natives =
Mestizo
Spain
• However, disease like smallpox was killing
the natives =
• Shortage of labor =
• Spain was the 1st country to import slaves
to work the encomiendas
Spain
• Philip II was king of Spain
who believed in divine
right (god granted kings
absolute rule)
• He used the gold of the
new world to for 2 things
– Defend Roman Catholicism
– Stimulate the arts
Spain
Spain
• Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote
Spain
• Problems
• Dutch Revolt
• So much gold and
silver led to inflation
• Pirates led to heavy
taxes
Netherlands
• The Dutch founded
New Netherland and
founded a city called
New Amsterdam =
New York
Netherlands
• Famous for painters
like Rembrandt and
Jan Vermeer
France
• France explored New
France benefiting
from the fur trade
England
• The English established Jamestown in 1607
England
• Pilgrims and the Puritans followed
Jamestown
• They left England because of religious
persecution
England
• France and England
would fight for North
America in the
French and Indian
War
• Britain would win and
take all the French
colonies in North
America
Trade
• Triangular Trade was developed
Trade
• The voyage that brought the slaves from Africa
to America is called the Middle Passage
A Slave Ship
Another View
Human Cargo
Trade
• Columbian Exchange was the cultural diffusion
of plants, animals, and diseases across the
Atlantic Ocean
Trade
• The colonies started a new wave of business
practices = Commercial Revolution
• A part of the Commercial Revolution was the
rise of capitalism
• Capitalism is an economic system based on
private ownership and investment of wealth
for profit
Trade
• Commercial Revolution brought the theory
of mercantilism
• Mercantilism is when a nation’s power is
depends on how wealthy it is
• To be wealthy states had to sell more
goods than they buy = favorable balance
of trade
Trade
• To pay for these new colonies, joint-stock
companies were created
• Joint-stock companies are when people
combine their wealth for a common
purpose
• Common purpose = fund the colonies
• Ex: East India Company