Cohesion
Lecture 8
 衔接是个语义概念，指语篇中的语义关系。
 Halliday
and Hasan (1976)对衔接进行了详
细的研究和分析。
Reference
I me, us, we, you, yours, hers
 指示词： this, that, these, those, here,
there, the
 比较词： so, more, less, equally, otherwise,
differently, same, identical, similar, more,
better
 Three blind mice, three blind mice.
 See how they run! See how they run!
 人称词：



指称: 外指(exophora) 和内指(endophora )
内指包括 anaphora 和cataphora
Three boys are playing and one boy kicks the
ball and it goes through the window and the
ball breaks the window and the boys are
looking at it and a man comes out and shouts
at them because they’ve broken the window
so they run away and then that lady looks out
of her window and she tells the boys off.
 They’re
playing football and he kicks it
and it goes through there it brakes the
window and they’re looking at it and he
comes out and shouts at them because
they’ve broken it so they run away and
then she looks out and she tells them off.
 It
is more important to note that a child
who tells his teacher an imaginative story
which she subsequently writes down for
him is not engaged in creative writing; but
in creative speaking.
 Peter,
peter, pumpkin eater,
 Had a wife and couldn’t eat her.
 He put her in a pumpkin shell
 And there he kept her very well.
 The
sun was shining one the sea.
 This is the house that Jack built.


Alice looked on with great interest as the King took an
enormous memorandum book out of his pocket, and
began writing. A sudden thought struck her and she
took hold of the end of the pencil, which came some
way over his shoulder, and began writing for him.
The poor King looked puzzled and unhappy, and
struggled with the pencil for some time without saying
anything, but Alice was too strong for him, and at last
he panted out. “My dear! I really must get a thinner
pencil. I can’t manage this one a bit; it writes all manner
of thing that I don’t intend …”
Substitution
 One,
ones, same, do, so, not
 My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper
one.
 I’ll have two eggs on toast, please.
 I’ll have the same.
 Never a woman in Windsor knows more of
Anne’s mind than I do.
 They’ve failed, then?
 I regret so.
 Hens
lay eggs. So they do!
 He’ll come if he said so.
 Of
course not.
 I believe so.
Ellipsis
 Have
you been swimming? – Yes, I have.
 Has she been crying? – No, laughing.
 Have
some wine.
 There isn’t any.
Conjunction
 After
the battle, there was a snowstorm.
 And,
but, before , after all, surely, anyway
Lexical cohesion
 Repetition,
collocation
 Antonymy, synonymy
 Hyponymy, meronymy
 Everyone
cheered. The leader
acknowledged the applause.
 Then they began to meet vegetation –
prickly cactus-like plants and coarse
grass ….
Abandon, desert, forsake
 He
abandoned his wife and went away
with all their money
 The soldier deserted his post. （
 She pleaded with her husband not to
forsake her.
Abduct, kidnap
 The
police think the missing boy has been
kidnapped.
 The police caught the man who tried to
abduct the boy.
Above, over
 The
lamp hung over the table. (垂直上下）
 The sun rose above the horizon.
 His strength is above the average.
 He spoke for over an hour.
Action, act, deed
 Action指行动的过程，act指行动的结果。有
时可以换用。
 His heroic act (action) was long
remembered.
 A man of action does things；he is not
content to just talk. （习惯性动作）
 Brave men’s deeds live after them. （包含
智慧与责任心）
Advance, move, proceed
 The
soldiers advanced 20 miles.
 Now that our plans are settled let us
proceed. / As soon as he came in he
proceeded to tell us all his troubles. （开始
或继续行动）
Affect, effect, influence
 The
climate has affected his health.
 The new system of accounting will effect
a reduction in costs.
 Overwork has had an effect on his health.
 Overwork has seriously affected his health.
 The judge was never influenced in his
decisions by his sympathies or prejudices.
（在性质或行为发生变化）
Aged, old, elderly
 The
aged man was wrinkled and bent.
（十分年老，带虚弱或衰退的意思）
 Old强调年龄
 A hotel catering for elderly couples（已过
壮年，但在年龄和精力比old年轻）
Annoy, bother
 These
flies are annoying me.（一时的心情
不好，生气）
 She was annoyed at your saying that.
 I’m busy; don’t bother me.（造成较小的麻
烦、不便、不快或烦恼）
 The sight of him bothered her and set her
heart beating faster.
Bare, bald, plain, simple
A
bare room/ a room bare of furniture（简
单无修饰的，几乎是空的）
 A bald statement（无掩饰的，明了而简单的）
 The meeting is quite plain.（平常的，朴素
无装饰的）
 A simple life（简单而普通的，质朴自然的）
Barely, hardly, scarcely
 He
was so weakened by the disease that
he could barely stand up.（仅仅，勉强够）
 We could hardly get out of the house, the
snow was so deep.（几乎不，简直不）
 We scarcely had time for breakfast.（不太
够，几乎没有）
 You can scarcely expect me to work in
your company.（不可能，绝不）
Begin, commence, start
 I’ll
begin thinking on the matter tomorrow.
 They commenced a lawsuit.
 He started the engine working by pressing
a button.（强调起点）
Benefit, profit
A
summer at the seashore benefits the
entire family.（益处）
 No one benefits from a war except those
who seek to profit by it. （获利，盈利）