Objectives


The students will
explain how
geography impacted
civilizations in
Mesopotamia.
The students will
identify the key
developments of
ancient Egyptian
civilization.




Complete Warm ups
Read/Discuss Ch 2
Sections 1&2
Complete Section 1&2
Study Guides
Complete Hammurabi
Cause/Effect Activity
LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS”
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIADEFINITIONS

CITY STATES- self-governing unit made
up of a city and its surrounding villages
and farmland.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAGEOGRAPHY



LOCATED BETWEEN THE TIGRISEUPHRATES RIVERS
BOTH RIVERS FLOW INTO THE PERSIAN
GULF
LOCATED IN PRESENT DAY IRAQ
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAGEOGRAPHY




POSITIVE
abundant amount of
clay
easy till-able soil
water supply from
Tigris-Euphrates
Rivers



NEGATIVE
few natural resources
minimal protection
from deserts and
mountains
City-States
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN CIVILIZATION




BELIEVED TO BE SETTLED CA. 3000 B.C.
DIVIDED INTO CITY-STATES
HELPED TO DEVELOP THE FIRST FORM
OF ORGANIZED RELIGION
CREATED ONE OF THE EARLIEST FORM
OF WRITING
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN CITY-STATES



ALWAYS IN CONSTANT
CONFLICT OVER WATER
RIGHTS AND LAND
CREATED WALLS FOR
PROTECTION, WITH
MOATS ALONG THE
OUTSIDE
FARMS WERE LOCATED
ALONG THE OUTSIDE OF
THE CITY
Sumerians invented:


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Wheel
Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in
a minute
12 month lunar calendar
arch
ramp
Religion
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN RELIGION

Ziggurats: pyramid site of
the temple of the main
gods.



Each city-state had their own
gods and goddesses
Sun god – most important.
Life after death was an
extension of life.
Ziggurat – Holy Mountain
Ziggurat



Large pyramid shaped structures
Connected to heaven and earth
Ziggurat: “center for learning and
religion”
How to Build a Ziggurat
How to Build a Ziggurat
Sumerian Religion

Monotheism: worshiping
one god.


“Mono” – means one
Polytheism: worshiping
many gods.

“Poly” – means many
Writing:
Cuneiform
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN WRITING




CALLED CUNEIFORM
(LATIN FOR WEDGE)
WRITTEN ON CLAY
TABLETS
NEEDED FOR RELIGION,
GOVERNMENT, AND TRADE
LEARNED IN SCHOOL, BY
MALES THAT LASTED FROM
SUNRISE TO SUNSET
Sumerian Writing: cuneiform
Cuneiform is created by pressing a
pointed stylus into a clay tablet.
Cuneiform
Economy
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN ECONOMY



Make, sell or barter goods.
Trade helped expansion.
Development of money

Will evolve over time.
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN ECONOMY


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RICH
government officials
religious leaders
traders

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
POOR
Farmers
craftsman
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIASUMERIAN PASTIMES

Entertainment


No longer had to hunt and gather.
More time for fun times.

Rich had more time than poor.

Activities:

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
BOARD GAMES
INSTRUMENTS
BARE FISTED BOXING
Activities geared toward young
and used for socializing.
The invention of Agriculture
changed the way people lived.

Agriculture (Farming)

Growth of Cities

Division of Labor
(Specialization)

Trade

Writing and Mathematics
Persians
Akkadians
Babylonians

Sumeria
Hittites
Mesopotamian
Civilization
Chaldeans
Lydians
Phoenicians
Assyrians


Iron Weapons
Add to your map
the location:

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
Hittites
Assyrians
Akkadians
Hittites
Assyrians

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Chief god Assur
Chariots used
First Cavalry
Akkadians

Spoke a Semitic Language related to modern
Hebrew and Arabic
When heaven above was not yet named, nor earth
below pronounced by name, Apsu, the first one,
their begetter and maker Tiamat, who bore them all,
had mixed their waters together, but had not formed
pastures, nor discovered reed-beds. When yet no
gods were manifest, nor names pronounced, nor
destinies decreed, then gods were born within them.
Babylonians

Chief god: Marduk



Prayed for good
harvest and success in
business.
King Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code


Earliest code of law
Based on equal
retaliation.
Hammurabi’s Code



282 laws.
Harsh punishment for crimes.
Based on equal retaliation.

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
“ If a man bring an accusation against a man and
charge him with a capital crime, but cannot prove it,
the accuser, shall be put to death”
“If the slave of a freed man strike the body of a freed
man, his ear shall be cut off”
Laws were varied for the wealthy and powerful.
What do you think?



“ If a man bring an accusation against a man and
charge him with a capital crime, but cannot prove it,
the accuser, shall be put to death”
“If the slave of a freed man strike the body of a freed
man, his ear shall be cut off”
If a man strike a free-born woman so that she lose
her unborn child, he shall pay ten shekels for her loss.

“If the woman die, his daughter shall be put to death.
Chaldeans



Skilled astronomers
Hanging Gardens
of Babylon
King
Nebuchadnezzar
built them for his
wife

One of the Ancient
Wonders of the
World
http://www.crystalinks.com/seven.html
Persians

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Present day Iran
Spoke an Indo-European Language
Zoroastrianism

Belief in final judgment and training for it
Phoenicians

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Major natural
resource: lumber
from cedar forests.
Invented the art of
glassblowing.
Alphabet



Then adopted by
Greeks.
Then adopted by
Romans
Please label
Phoenicia on your
map.
Lydians

First to use a money economy.

An economic system based in the use of
money as a measure of value and a unit of
account.
Warm ups



What were the basic units of Sumerian
civilization?
Define patriarchal
Sumerian city-states contained what three
major social groups?
Ch 2 Section 1



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1 cuneiform writing
2 wagon wheel
3 potters wheel
4 sundial
5 arch/dome
6 they were the first to make bronze out
of copper and tin
7. Where was Mesopotamia
located?
At the eastern end of the fertile
Crescent between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers.
8. Which people had the most
power in the Sumerian citystates?
The kings, priests and priestesses
(nobles)
9. What two empires gained
control of the Sumerian city
states?
The Akkadians-ruled by Sargon
and the Babylonians ruled by
Hammurabi.
10. What principle was the basis
for many of the laws in
Hammurabi’s code?
Retribution-an eye for an eye and
a tooth for a tooth
11. Why did the people of
Mesopotamia believe that
supernatural forces controlled
their world?
Due to the harsh climate-floods
were unpredictable, there were
heavy rains, famines and
scorching winds. The people knew
that they could not control these
things so they believed that
supernatural forces ruled their
worlds.
Ch 2 Section 2-Old Kingdom
1
A bureaucracy developed to
help the pharaohs rule, pyramids
were built, mummification was
used to preserve the dead and
the Great Pyramid was built in
2540 B.C.
Middle Kingdom

Egypt conquered Nubia and a
canal was built to connect the
Nile and the Red Sea. The Middle
Kingdom ended when the Hyksos
invaded Egypt in 1652 B.C.
2
New Kingdom
3
Egypt became the most
powerful state in southwest Asia,
Hatshepsut became the first
female pharaoh, Amenhotep IV
forced the people to worship a
single god.
4. How did the Nile effect life
in ancient Egypt?
When the Nile flooded, it left
behind fertile soil on both sides of
the river enabling farmers to grow
crops ; it also made travel easier
while giving the people a sense of
security.
5. Which gods were the most
important to the Egyptians?

The sun gods-Atum and Re and the
land gods- Osiris and Isis.
6. What is mummification, and why
did the Egyptians use it?

Mummification is the process of
slowly drying a dead body to prevent
it from rotting. It was used to
preserve the body after death.
7. How was Egyptian society like a
pyramid?

The pharaoh was at the top, then there
were nobles and priests, then scribes,
merchants, artisans and at the bottom
was the largest group-the peasants and
farmers.
8. How were women treated in
ancient Egypt?

They were respected and the upper
class women could become
priestesses. Four queens would
become pharaohs.
9. What is hieratic script?

A simplified version of hieroglyphics
that was used for business and daily
life.
10. What advances did the
Egyptians make in math and
science?

They used geometry and learned how
to calculate area and volume, they
developed the 365 day calendar, they
became experts at human anatomy,
they also used splints and bandages
to treat injuries.
Objectives


The students will
compare and contrast
ancient civilizations.
The students will
examine how the
decline of the Hittites
and the Egyptians
allowed other citystates and kingdoms
to emerge.




Complete Warm ups
Complete
Comparison/Contrast
Activity over Egypt
and Sumeria
Read/Discuss Ch 2
Section 3
Complete Section 3
Study Guide
Warm ups




Why were the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
important to Mesopotamian civilization?
How is monotheism different from
polytheism?
How do a dynasty, a theocracy and a
bureaucracy differ?
The first female pharaoh was whom?
Objectives

The students will
explain how the
decline of the
Egyptians allowed
other city-states to
emerge.




Complete Warm ups
Discuss Ch 2 Sections
3&4
Complete Section 3&4
Study Guide
Questions
Complete “Rise of
New Empires”
Worksheet
Warm ups

List two characteristics of the Phoenicians.

Who is Yahweh?

What is another name for governor?

From what two cities did the Royal Road extend?
Chapter 2 Section 3
 1.
They were the first IndoEuropeans to use iron.
 2.
They developed an alphabet
that was passed on to the Greeks
which is our alphabet today.
 3.
The religion of the Israelites
became a major world religion.
4. What are pastoral nomads?
Nomads who domesticated
animals for food and clothing.
They moved along regular
routes to find food for their
animals.
5. What was the basis of the
Phoenician economy?
 trade
6. How was the Jewish religion
different from other religions in
western Asia and Egypt?

The Jewish religion was monotheistic,
and other religions were polytheistic.
Also in the Jewish religion, God’s
wishes were written down so no
single person could claim that he or
she knew god’s will.
Chapter 2 Section 4
1. Assyrian Empire is established
.
 2.
Zoroaster is born
 3.
The Assyrian Empire falls to the
Chaldeans and Medes.
 4.
Cyrus begins his rule.
 5.
Babylon falls to the Persians.
 6.
Darius begins his rule.
 7.
The Persian Empire falls to
Alexander the Great.
8. How did the Assyrians
communicate throughout their
empire?

They used relays of horses to carry
messages along a network of posts.
9. Why was Cyrus called “the
Great”?

Due to the fact that he ruled with wisdom
and compassion. He also created a
powerful empire, but respected other
cultures (for example he allowed the Jews
to return to Jerusalem).
Objectives





Hand in homework
Complete Warm up Quiz
Complete Book Check
Complete Ch 2 Test Essays-write 1 page
for any 2 essays (worth 30 points each).
Complete Ch 2 Exam Review-Ch 2 Test
next class period
Warm up Quiz
1.What were the basic units
of Sumerian civilization?
2. What is another name for
governor?
3. List the six traits of a civilization.
4. What three things do all
humans need to survive? Which
is the most important?
5. In what continent did man
first originate?
6. Who is Yahweh?
7. How is monotheism different
from polytheism?
8. What two metals are combined
to make bronze?
9. From what two cities did the
Royal Road extend?
10. The Neolithic Age is also known
as what?
Bonus Questions
 1.
Who was the first female
pharaoh?
 2.
The Paleolithic Age is also
known as what?