M. Nazmul Haq
Professor,
Institute of Education and Research
University of Dhaka
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What is education ?
 Education is a process of transmitting knowledge,
attitude and skills to the people who are in need of it.
 There are two parties in education:
a. Teacher
b. Learner
 Both the parties are characterized with their own ways
of dealings
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What is the teachers expectation for education ?
Control learning ?
or
Promote learning ?
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Control learning provides
 Good students
 High scorers
 Limited ability
 Poor insight
 Low potential
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Learning for promotion provides
 Quality students
 High scorers
 Unlimited ability
 Wider insight
 Higher potential
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Teachers’ main thrust for teaching
depends on their motivation
for teaching
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What is Motivation ?
 It is a process that generates a behaviour and leads
it towards the goal.
 Three basic questions may clarify its nature:
 What causes an action ?
 What pushes towards particular goal?
 What persists the attempt to reach the goal ?
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What causes motivation ?
 Some external factors: content, teaching aids, models
of teaching, grades, etc.
 These external factors are known as extrinsic factors.
 Some internal factors: curiosity, interest, expectation,
anticipation, success, etc.
 These internal factors are known as intrinsic factors.
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Model of teaching
 What is a model ? A model is a system which can
be copied by someone. So a teacher’s model is the
way a teacher behaves in his/her pursuit.
 There are three models of teaching:
 The executive model
 Therapist model
 Liberationist model
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Executive model
 This model sees the teacher as the master of the craft
and he/she is responsible for learner’s progress
 It emphasize direct instruction and hold the
responsibility of prescription
 Giving lectures, demonstration, suggestions etc. are
the techniques of this model
 Makes the learners dependent on teacher
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Therapist model
 This model views the teacher as highly
sympathetic individual. Here teacher allows the
learner to go by his/her own pace
 Here teacher works as passive facilitator rather
than direct instructor
 This model is student centered and help them to
construct their own materials
 Discover learning, cooperative learning, group
discussion, apprenticeship etc. are the techniques
of this model
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Liberationist model
 This model views the teacher as a liberator of
students’ mind by providing them with the tools
and attitudes necessary for learning
 Here students are taught how to learn than what to
learn
 Learners take the responsibility for their
development and teacher works as catalyst
 Discover, projects, visits, debates, self criticism etc.
are the techniques of this model
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Models of learners
 Learner’s model is the way a learner
behaves in his/her pursuit.
 There are two types:
 Acquisition model
 Where learners largely accumulate information
 This model sees teacher as instructor
 Participation model
 Where learners largely participates in the process of
learning and develop their own information
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Acquisition model
 This model is highly teacher centered
 Students largely depends on teacher’s instruction and
texts
 Developing notes, collecting references,
memorizations etc. are principle techniques of this
model
 Learners become dependent on the text or teacher
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Participation model
 Here learner is independent of teacher and the text
 Learner discover and construct his/her own
information
 Learners are responsible for their learning
 Analyzing facts, doing projects, writing journals,
prepare materials etc. are principle techniques of this
model
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How to increase motivation
 Create favourable attitude
 Tap students’ interest
 Arouse curiosity
 Address learners’ needs
 Maintain positive emotional climate
 Reinforce appropriate behaviours
 Enhance learners’ expectation
 Keep the anxiety to minimum level
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Some possible applications of
motivation
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Make the classroom and lesson interesting:
Use puzzles, games, and simulations
Try new arrangement of the room
Introduce a lesson with music or relevant poster
Relate class work with field trip or guest speaker or
new events
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Some possible applications of
motivation
 Have sufficient chance to fulfill students’ needs:
 Provide some time for interaction with friends
 When a work is anxiety provoking (oral report, major
tests) have students to work in group
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Some possible applications of
motivation
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Make the classroom a pleasant and safe place:
Provide tutor for students who are falling behind
Choose assignment which is easy for weak students
Do not allow ridicule a student by other students
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Some possible applications of
motivation
 Address the needs of backward students:
 Give un-graded assignment for improvement
 Have individual conference to discuss progress
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Some possible applications of
motivation
 Help students to take responsibility for success and
failure:
 Take responsibility of your own mistakes and discuss it
with students
 Invite guest speakers who are willing to speak about
their success and failure
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Some possible applications of
motivation
 Encourage students to discover the connections
between their efforts and accomplishment:
 After doing a complex assignment ask students to
discuss it was done
 Discuss reasons for particular success and failure
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Some possible applications of
motivation
 Help students to set reasonable short-term goals:
 Encourage students to set low goals
 Suggest alternative in case of unrealistic high goals
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If you want to be an effective teacher
follow these points
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Know about your own model
Be clear to yourself, why you follow that model
Switch your model if necessary
Do not imitate others without understanding
Be a good student for your teaching
Do not teach unless you are motivated
Quit the job if your are not satisfied
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