Drug Trafficking and Abuse
- Impediments to development Akira Fujino
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Shanghai, 1909
Early days
1920s-30s
Century of Drug Control
BACKGROUND
19th century:
Opium epidemic in Asia, notably China;
morphine abuse problem in USA; emergence of heroin
1880-1906:
Massive increases in coca leaf exports from the Andean region (later
from Java); emerging cocaine epidemic in the USA
RESPONSE
1909:
1912:
1920-1945:
1946 +
1948:
1953:
1961:
1971:
1988:
1998:
Shanghai Conference – International Opium Commission
The Hague: First International Opium Convention
International Drug Control under auspices of League of Nations
3 drug conventions (1925, 1931, 1936)
International Drug Control under auspices of United Nations
Protocol (synthetic opioids)
Opium Protocol
Single Convention (amended by Protocol in 1972)
Convention on Psychotropic Substances
UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
UNGASS: Political Declaration and Guiding Principles on Demand
Reduction
Related UN Agencies
Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC)
Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal
Justice
(CCPCJ)
Commission on
Narcotic Drugs
International Narcotics
Control Board
(CND)
(INCB)
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC)
Opiates
Opium
Morphine
Heroin
Cannabis
CANNABIS
Coca/Cocaine
Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
(ATS)
• Methamphetamine
• Amphetamine
• Ecstacy
Precursor chemicals
Opiates
Golden
Triangle
Myanmar – Thailand border
Global opium production, 1990-2010
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
Other
5000
South-East Asia
4000
Afghanistan
3000
2000
1000
20
10
20
08
20
06
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
19
90
0
Global heroin flows of Asian origins
Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan
Balkan Route and Northern Route
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
Cocaine
Coca in the Andean region
Coca cultivation, 2008 (167,600 ha)
81,000 ha
-18%
56,100 ha
+4%
30,500 ha
+6%
Potential cocaine production, 2008
(845 tons)
Major trans-regional cocaine flows, 1998 and 2008
Source: UNODC, 2010 World Drug Report, June 2010.
Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS)
Locations of amphetamines manufacture and main trafficking routes
Sources: UNODC, Annual Reports Questionnaire Data, UNODC, Individual Drug Seizure Database, other government sources.
Major methamphetamine trafficking routes out of Myanmar
Illicit methamphetamine laboratory
Fiji 2004
Illicit methamphetamine laboratory
Indonesia - 2005
Factory
Chemical
Storage
Area
Undercover
Agents live
here for 6 months
Main Road
Gates
Chimneys
Factory
Office
Barracks
N
Break
Area
Prayer and
Break Area
New Trends in West Africa: Methamphetamine
Precursor chemicals
Preventing diversion of precursor chemicals into
illicit drug manufacture
Early cases of precursors used in illicit
manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants
CANADA
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
UNITED
KINGDOM GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
YUGOSLAVIA
ALBANIA
CHIINA
MEXICO
GUATEMALA
MYANMAR
INDIA
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
P - 2 - P and 3,4 - MDP - 2 - P
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
HONG KONG
SAR OF China
INDONESIA
AUSTRALIA
Acetic Anhydride: Diversity of trade flow
Seizures of precursor chemicals
Acetic anhydride
Way forward
Cultivation and Insurgency
Cultivation of opium poppy
2008
Insurgency in the South of the country
Major activities of the Taliban
Sustainable Alternative Development
Acetic Anhydride Seizures 2001-2007
(Source: Form D)
200,000.00
150,000.00
100,000.00
50,000.00
0.00
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Problem drug use reflected in treatment demand by region:
late 1990s and 2008
For more information, please visit
www.unodc.org