WTF is a CLT?
A Training by Picture the Homeless
Why Community Land Trusts?
Several years ago, members of Picture the Homeless
identified CLT's as a solution to lack of housing
permanently affordable to the extremely poor, and we
began to work toward creating one here in New York.
NYC has thousands of vacant properties, both vacant
land and vacant buildings, and our Housing Not
Warehousing Campaign has been working to inventory
vacant properties and develop a plan for their use.
2
Why Community Land Trusts?
New York City has several of the nation's leading Community Land
Trusts. Housing Campaign Leaders at Picture the Homeless first met with
folks from the Cooper Square Community Land Trust in 2004, and they've
provided a great deal of guidance to us as we develop our own cooperative
models for housing development.
As our members continue to homestead vacant property, we are laying the
groundwork for a Homeless People's Community Land Trust.
3
Our Goals
We've created a workgroup that includes Tom Angotti of Hunter College
and Peter Marcuse of Columbia University, as well as folks from UHAB,
the Cooper Square CLT, housing advocacy groups, and not for profit
housing developers.
In 2011, we co-taught a class at City College of New York on “Land and
Housing,” focusing on Community Land Trusts.
In 2012, as an extension of that class, CCNY & PTH are mounting an
exhaustive survey of every Community Land Trust in the country to assess
which ones provide housing for the homeless and how the model can be
expanded to include new models of housing acquisition—including
homesteading.
4
CLT History
The Community Land Trust (CLT) model of affordable housing was born
out of a search for a creative and innovative way to address the housing
problem at the time.
The first CLT in the USA, New Communities, Inc. was established in
1968 in rural Georgia. The roots of the CLT model in the US can be traced
back to several thinkers including Henry George, Ebenezer Howard,
Arthur Morgan, and Ralph Borsodi and social movements in the US and
abroad such as the land and village-gift movement associated with India’s
freedom against colonial rule.
Nearly 190 CLTs are known to have existed or still be existing in the
United States.
5
How do they work?
1. The CLT model removes the cost of land from the housing price by
having the land and the housing owned by separate entities.
2. A private, nonprofit corporation acquires land parcels in a targeted
geographic area with the intention of retaining ownership of the land for
the long term.
3. The non-profit organization then provides for the private use of the land
through long-term ground lease agreements.
4. The leaseholders may own their homes or make other improvements on
the leased land, but resale restrictions apply.... THESE RESTRICTIONS
PREVENT SPECULATION.
5. In the CLT model, the rights, responsibilities and benefits of the
residential property are shared between individual homeowners and the
non-profit corporation which represents the interests of its leaseholders
and a larger community.
6
How do they work?
Bottom Line: The community land trust owns the
land, and leases it for affordable housing. The
deed, the lease for construction on the land, the
CLT by-laws, and any residential leases all
require that the housing be permanently
affordable. The land can never be traded or sold
to the highest bidder on the private market.
7
How do they work?
Over the course of the last 30 years, tens of thousands of low-income
housing cooperatives have been lost because tenants got bought off or sold
out by their boards. How do CLTs prevent this problem?
TRIPARTITE GOVERNANCE!
The board of the CLT is made up of three groups of stakeholders:
1. Tenant/Leaseholder Representatives
2. Neighborhood Representatives
3. “Experts” and Community Leaders
Because power is shared between these three groups, a set of checks and
balances prevents speculation by making it extremely difficult for tenants
to flip or sell their homes.
8
How Do They Work?—THE $$$!!
Money is the big problem when it comes to building support
for developing housing—politicians say it's too expensive to
create and maintain housing for low-income people.
Mixed Income (a real mix of incomes, not that 80/20 BS we do in NYC!)
Commercial Space (higher rents on commercial tenants help subsidize low
residential rents—while also offering cheap commercial rent for neighborhoodbased small businesses)
Non-Profit Status
9
How Do They Work?—THE $$$!!
Most common revenue sources: Federal Funds, Private
Foundations, Local Government, Individual Donors and CLT
member dues, Income from investments, intermediaries,
grants from private businesses, State government, other
charities.
10
Breaking Down the Details:
Some Facts & Figures
The majority (70%) of CLTs do not focus on a single neighborhood but serve
multiple neighborhoods, the city as a whole, the county, or even multiple counties
and serve low and moderate income residents in the larger geographic region.
The duration of CLT’s ground lease range from 20 to 99 years, with 99 years being
the most frequently used (95%) term. Ground leases are renewable.
59% of CLT units are rehabilitated, while 41% are new construction.
95% of the responding organizations have units for homeownership, 45% of
responding organizations reported that they also have rental units in their housing
portfolio. 80% have less than 100 units including both homeownership and rental.
[Source: Lincoln Institute National Study]
11
Talking Points:
How do you sell a CLT?
1. Community Land Trusts are a proven mechanism for communities to control
their land and housing forever, without fear of external or internal threats.
2. CLTs do not depend on government handouts! They can't be slashed after the
next election, or vetoed during state budget negotiations.
3. Every CLT is different. The model provides flexibility for many approaches—
including consolidating homesteaded or “occupied” homes into a collective,
collaborative system of self-help housing.
4. CLTs are PART OF THE SOLUTION—they're not the whole solution. Right
now they're a missing piece of the public discourse on the housing crisis, a radical
new approach that recognizes housing and self-determination as human rights, and
inextricably linked.
5. CLTs can define “affordability” however they want—they're not forced to
follow the government's bogus AMI-based guidelines for affordable housing.
12
Talking Points:
How do you sell a CLT?
6. We need fresh ideas, not the same old arguments about government subsidies,
or individual-based non-systemic solutions like principal re-negotiations.
7. We're in a crisis. Nationally, the inventory of foreclosed and distressed
properties has reached astronomical proportions. CLTs can take title to the land
and lease these buildings to the appropriate entity without displacing residents if
they are inhabited, and creating new low-income housing if they're not.
8. CLTs can provide a path to legalized and secure homesteading. Banks or
investors who own foreclosed or vacant buildings that are being “occupied” can be
pressured to “gift” those properties to a CLT, or to sell it at a much lower price that
local government can be pressured to pay, and the CLT can lease the building(s) to
a tenant’s association or limited-equity coop run by residents. Homeowners and
tenants facing eviction because they cannot afford even a re-structured mortgage
can be protected by title transferred to a CLT.
13
What Else??
This training is a work in progress, like all of our CLT work. There are a lot of
missing pieces here, and if our organizations are going to be able to use these tools
we need to be refining and developing them together. So we welcome:
Questions?
Additions, Subtractions?
Critiques?
Etc?
14