Chpt. 3: 節奏Rhythm
• Flow of music (events) through time
拍Beat
• Recurrent pulsation
• Divides music into equal units of time
拍子Meter
• Grouping of beats
Accent and Syncopation
• Accent: emphasis placed on beat/note
• Syncopation: emphasis placed on an
unexpected note or beat
Chpt. 3: Rhythm
Tempo
• The speed of the beat, the pace
• Associated with emotional effect
• Tempo indicated at beginning of piece
• As with dynamics, Italian terms are used
• Molto, non troppo, accelerando, ritardando
• Metronome—indicates exact tempo
Chpt. 4: 記譜法Music Notation
• Written music stores information
• Allows absent (or even dead) composers
to communicate their ideas to others
Notating Pitch
• Letter names: A B C D E F G
• Staff
• Clef signs
• Treble
• Bass
• Grand staff
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
Notating Pitch
Keyboard note naming with notation
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
Notating Rhythm
• Music notation indicates length of tone in relation to other
tones in the piece
• How note
looks indicates
duration
Notating Silence
• Rests indicate
notated
silence
Chpt. 4-Music Notation
Notating Meter
• Time signature indicates the meter of a piece of music
• Appears at beginning of piece
• Appears again later if meter changes
• Written as two numbers, one above other
2 3
4 2
• Top number: how many beats in measure
• Bottom number: what type note counts 1 beat
• Common & cut time, duple & triple meter
The Score
• Includes music for every instrument
• Can include 20+ lines of music at once
• See example p. 57
Chpt. 5:旋律 Melody
• A series of single notes that add up to a recognizable
whole
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Begins, moves, ends
Tension & release
Stepwise vs. leap motion
Climax
Legato vs. staccato
Made of phrases (parts)
Sequence within melodies
Cadence: Complete vs. Incomplete
Chpt. 6:和聲 Harmony
• 和絃的縱 (直) 向結構橫向行進的邏輯The way chords are
constructed and how they follow each other
• 和絃Chord:是指三個或三個以上的音同時被奏出 3 or more tones
sounded at once
• 和絃是一群同時發出聲響的音Chord is simultaneous tones
• 旋律是一連串先後有致的單音Melody is series of individual
tones
• Progression: how chords follow each other
和諧與不和諧音Consonance and Dissonance
• 數個音的組合穩定平和Stable, restful chords—consonant
• 數個音的組合不穩定時，便被稱為「不和諧」Unstable, tense
chords—dissonant
• Degree of dissonance—more & less dissonant
• 不和諧組合的張力給予這些音程或和絃動力，以尋找穩定的組合，
此穩定的組合便是這個不和諧組合的「解決」Resolution—
movement away from dissonance
Chpt. 6-Harmony
三和絃The Triad
• 最簡單和基本的和絃為「三和絃」(triad)Simplest, most basic
chord
• 三個音所組成Made up of three notes
• Notated on 3 adjacent lines or spaces
• 以音階中第一個音─主音─為根音的三和弦，稱為「主和絃」
Triad built on 1st scale note called tonic
• 最穩定和最有決定性的合弦Most stable, restful chord
• Pieces usually begin & end on this chord
• Triad built on 5th scale note: dominant
• Most unstable, tense chord
• Dominant to tonic movement feels conclusive
琵音(分解和絃)Broken Chords (Arpeggios)
• 和絃裡的音單獨依序被彈奏時
Chpt. 7:調子 Key
• 旋律圍繞在一個主要的音上Centering of a melody or
harmony around a central note
大音階The Major Scale
• Whole steps and half steps occurring in
a predetermined order
• Bright, happy sound
小音階The Minor Scale
• Whole steps and half steps occurring in
another predetermined order
• 小調音階上的音樂通常是嚴肅而哀傷Dark,
Chpt. 7-Key
調號The Key Signature
•
曲子以大音階為主時稱此曲的調性為「大調」
•
曲子是以小音階為基準調性為「小調」 minor key
•
每一個大小調都有固定的升記號或降記號
• 固定的升降記號稱為「調號」Also determines key signature
• Key signature notated at beginning of piece between clef sign and
time signature
半音階The Chromatic Scale
•
八度中的十二個音 within the octave
• 鋼琴上一個八度裡白鍵黑鍵加起來的音Includes both black and white
piano keys
• This scale does not define a key
Chpt. 7-Key
轉調Modulation: Change of Key
• 不同的調性能增加變化和對比Provides contrast within longer
piece
• Modulation like temporary shift in
gravity
• New tone and key becomes “home”
主調Tonic Key
• The main key of a piece
• Modulations away usually return to the
tonic key
• Return to tonic creates feeling of
conclusion
• Return to tonic usually occurs near end of
piece
Chpt. 8:音樂的織體 Texture
• Layering of sound, how layers relate
單聲部音樂織體Monophonic Texture
• 無伴奏的旋律線的音樂織體Single, unaccompanied melody
• Literally “one sound”
多聲部音樂織體Polyphonic Texture
• 兩個或兩個以上具有相似重要性的旋律2 or more equally important
melodies sounding simultaneously
主曲調音樂織體Homophonic Texture
• 一條主旋律線由和絃來伴奏時One melody with chordal
accompaniment
改變織體Changes of Texture
• Within a piece, creates variety and contrast
Chpt. 8-Musical Texture
Listening
Farandole from L’Arlesienne
Suite No. 2 (1879)
by Georges Bizet
Listening Guide: page 82
Brief Set, CD 1:38
Note contrasting textures
Chpt. 9: 樂曲形式
• Organization of musical elements in time
建立音樂形式的技巧
• 反覆Repetition—restating musical ideas
• 對比Contrast—avoiding monotony w/ new ideas
• 變奏Variation—reworking ideas to keep them new
樂曲形式的種類Types of Musical Form
• 三段式曲式Ternary
• Simple
• Subdivided
A
B
A
aba cdc aba
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
Listening
Dance of the Reed Pipes
from Nutcracker Suite (1892)
by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Listening guide p. 68
Brief Set, CD 1:43
Note ternary form
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
Types of Musical Form
Binary
• AB
• AA B
• ABB
• AA B B
Chpt. 9-Musical Form
Listening
Forlane
from Suite No. 1 in C Major for Orchestra (1717-1723)
by Johann Sebastian Bach
Listening guide p. 70
Brief Set, CD 1:45
Note binary form
Chpt. 10: Performance



The Performer brings to life the printed symbols laid
out by the composer
The Conductor leads a group of musicians
Judging Performance: musicians can play the same
notes and yet make different statements in the way
that they perform.
Chpt. 11: Musical Style
• Based upon time period and the continuous development
of music as an art form
• Western art music can be divided into:
• Middle Ages—450-1450
• Renaissance—1450-1600
• Baroque—1600-1750
• Classical—1750-1820
• Romantic—1820-1900
• 20th Century to 1945
• 1945 to present
• Music of each these periods reflects the
society that supported it