NUTRITION
NUTRITION
• WHAT IS NUTRITION?
– MAYBE THIS SHORT VIDEO
CAN HELP
– DEFINITION
• THE PROCESS BY WHICH
ORGANISMS GET FOOD
AND BREAK IT DOWN SO IT
CAN BE USED FOR
METABOLISM
– WHAT ARE NUTRIENTS?
• SUBSTANCES THAT
PROVIDE ENERGY AND
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR
METABOLIC PROCESSES
NUTRITION
• THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF NUTRIENTS
– INORGANIC NUTRIENTS VS ORGANIC NUTRIENTS
• ORGANIC NUTRIENTS INCLUDE:
– CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND
VITAMINS
• INORGANIC NUTRIENTS INCLUDE:
– MINERALS AND WATER
» CHEMICAL ELEMENTS NEEDED FOR NORMAL
FUNCTIONING
» EXAMPLE  IODINE
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
• WHAT WAS THE DEFINITION OF NUTRITION
AGAIN?
– THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS GET
(OBTAIN) FOOD AND BREAK IT DOWN (DIGEST) SO
IT CAN BE USED FOR METABOLISM
– TWO PIECES TO THAT DEFINITION
• THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING FOOD
• THE PROCESS OF BREAKING IT DOWN (DIGESTION)
NUTRITION
• THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING FOOD
– ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE BROKEN UP INTO TWO
GROUPS WHEN IT COMES TO OBTAINING FOOD
– AUTOTROPHS VS HETEROTROPHS
NUTRITION
• AUTOTROPHIC
NUTRITION
– DEFINITION
• THE ABILITY OF
SYNTHESIZING ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FROM
SIMPLE INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
– TWO KNOWN PROCESSES
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS
• HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
– DEFINTION
• THE INABILITY TO
SYNTHESIZE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS FROM
INORGANIC ONES
• ORGANISMS MUST OBTAIN
PRE-MADE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS THROUGH
INGESTION
– ORGANISMS ACCOMPLISH
THIS THROUGH A VARIETY
OF METHODS
NUTRITION
• HETEROTROPHIC
NUTRITION
– ALL HETEROTROPHS
UTILIZE THE SAME
PRINCIPLES OF
NUTRITION
• INGESTION
• DIGESTION &
ABSORPTION
• EGESTION (***NOT
EXCRETION***)
NUTRITION
• AS THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT HETEROTROPHS,
THE METHODS OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
THEY UTILIZE VARY GREATLY…
• FOR OUR PURPOSES, WE ARE GOING TO FOCUS
ON CERTAIN ORGANISMS TO UNDERSTAND LIFE
IN GENERAL
• WE WILL CALL THESE ORGANISMS,
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISMS, BECAUSE THEY
REPRESENT THE MAJORITY OF METHODS THAT
EXIST IN ALL HETEROTROPHS
NUTRITION
• WHO KNOWS WHAT
THESE ORGANISMS
ARE?
• WHAT KINGDOM ARE
THEY IN?
• PROTISTS
– THIS WILL BE OUR FIRST
GROUP OF
REPRESENTATIVE
ORGANISMS
NUTRITION
• NUTRITION IN PROTISTS
– WATCH THIS VIDEO
– WHAT DID YOU JUST SEE?
• ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS)
– PARAMECIUM EAT SIMILARLY 
– BOTH ORGANISMS PERFORM
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
ONLY!!
– WHERE DOES INGESTION,
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND
EGESTION OCCUR IN THIS METHOD?
NUTRITION
• MAJOR NUTRITIONAL STRUCTURES IN
PROTISTS
NUTRITION
• ANYONE KNOW THIS ORGANISM??
NUTRITION
• WHAT ABOUT THESE GUYS?
NUTRITION
• THIS IS A MICROSCOPIC RELATIVE OF JELLIES,
CALLED A HYDRA
• IT IS A VERY SIMPLE
ANIMAL, AND WILL
BE OUR NEXT
REPRESENTATIVE
ORGANISM
• HOW DO THEY EAT?
NUTRITION
• MAJOR STRUCTURES IN HYDRA
NUTRITION
• HYDRA NUTRITION
– EXTRACELLULAR &
INTRACELLULAR
DIGESTION
– WHERE DOES
INGESTION, DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION, AND
EGESTION TAKE PLACE?
NUTRITION
• WHAT IS THIS ORGANISM?
NUTRITION
• EARTHWORM WILL SERVE AS ANOTHER
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM
• HAS A “TUBE-WITHIN-A-TUBE” BODY PLAN
NUTRITION
• FIRST ORGANISM TO HAVE AN ORGANIZED
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (ORGAN SYSTEM)
• WHAT ARE THE MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE
EARTHWORM’S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
NUTRITION
• MAJOR STRUCTURES
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ALIMENTARY CANAL
MOUTH
ANUS
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
CROP
GIZZARD
INTESTINE
• *TYPHLOSOLE
NUTRITION
• WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION AND EGESTION TAKE PLACE?
NUTRITION
• THE EARTHWORM IS THE FIRST ORGANISM TO
DEMONSTRATE THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF
DIGESTION
– MECHANICAL VS CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• MECHANICAL DIGESTION
– BREAKING THINGS DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION
– BREAKING THE CHEMICAL BONDS / CHANGING THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A SUBSTANCE
NUTRITION
• WHAT DOES THIS LOOK LIKE IN REAL LIFE??
CLICK THE PIC TO FIND OUT
NUTRITION
• OUR NEXT REPRESENTATIVE ORGANISM
NUTRITION
• GRASSHOPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
NUTRITION
• MAJOR STRUCTURES:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
MOUTH
ESOPHAGUS
SALIVARY GLANDS
CROP
GIZZARD
GASTRIC CECAE
STOMACH
INTESTINE
RECTUM
ANUS
NUTRITION
• GRASSHOPPER NUTRITION
– WHERE DOES INGESTION, DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION AND EGESTION TAKE PLACE?
– WHERE DOES MECHANICAL DIGESTION TAKE
PLACE?
– WHERE DOES CHEMICAL DIGESTION TAKE PLACE?
NUTRITION
• OUR NEXT
REPRESENTATIVE
ORGANISM
• JUST A REMINDER
NUTRITION
• HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
– MAJOR STRUCTURES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MOUTH
SALIVARY GLANDS
PHARYNX
EPIGLOTTIS
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
RECTUM
ANUS
*LIVER
*GALL BLADDER
*PANCREAS
NUTRITION
• THE MOUTH
– INGESTION
– MASTICATION
– MECHANICAL &
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
NUTRITION
• THE PHARYNX
– SWALLOWING
– BOLUS
– EPIGLOTTIS
NUTRITION
• THE ESOPHAGUS
– THE CONECCTION
BETWEEN THE
MOUTH AND
THE STOMACH
– PERISTALSIS
– *HEARTBURN*
NUTRITION
• THE STOMACH
– MECHANICAL &
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
– CHURNING VS
GASTRIC JUICE
– WHAT’S THE POINT
OF THE MUCOUS
MEMBRANE?
– *ULCERS*
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
• THE SMALL INTESTINE
– CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• LIVER /
GALLBLADDER /
PANCREAS
– ABSORPTION OF
NUTRIENTS
– VILLI
– OTHER TERM
• LACTEALS
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
• THE LARGE INTESTINE (A.K.A. “THE COLON”)
– MAJOR
FUNCTION
• WATER
ABSORPTION
• VITAMIN
ABSORPTION
• ELIMINATION
NUTRITION
• SUMMARY OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
– WHERE DOES
INGESTION,
DIGESTION,
ABSORPTION, &
EGESTION OCCUR?
– DIFFERENT
AREAS OF
CHEMICAL
DIGESTION?
NUTRITION
• WHAT ARE SOME COMMON DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM DISORDERS?
– ULCER
– CONSTIPATION
– DIARRHEA
NUTRITION
• WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION AND
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION?
• WHAT’S AN EXAMPLE OF AN AUTOTROPH?
NUTRITION
• WHAT CHARACTERISTIC DO ALL THESE HAVE
IN COMMON?
– THEY ARE ALL GREEN
– WHY ARE THEY GREEN??
NUTRITION
• PLANTS ARE GREEN BECAUSE THEY HAVE A
SPECIAL ORGANELLE CALLED A…
NUTRITION
• WHAT MAKES A CHLOROPLAST GREEN?
• IT CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL!!
– CHLOROPLASTS ARE PHYLLED WITH
CHLOROPHYLL
NUTRITION
• WHAT MAKES CHLOROPHYLL GREEN??
• IS IT SOMETHING…EVIL??
– IT HAS TO DO WITH
ABSORBING AND
REFLECTING OF
LIGHT…
NUTRITION
• REMEMBER YOUR OLD FRIEND,
R.O.Y.G.B.I.V
NUTRITION
• THINGS APPEAR
A CERTAIN
COLOR BECAUSE
THEY REFLECT
THAT
PARTICULAR
COLOR…
THEREFORE,
WHAT DOES
THAT TELL US
ABOUT
CHLOROPHYLL??
NUTRITION
• WE CALL THOSE SUBSTANCES
THAT ABSORB OR REFLECT
PARTICULAR COLORS OF
LIGHT…PIGMENTS
• CHLOROPHYLL IS THE MOST
WELL KNOWN
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PIGMENT…BUT THERE ARE
OTHERS…HOW DO YOU
KNOW??
NUTRITION
• HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK??
NUTRITION
• HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK??
– HOW DOES THE PLANT GET THE STUFF IT NEEDS
FOR THIS REACTION?
NUTRITION
• HOW DOES THE PLANT GET THE REACTANTS?
NUTRITION
• ONCE THE PLANT OBTAINS THE REACTANTS,
THEN WHAT??
– LIGHT REACTION
VS.
DARK REACTION
NUTRITION
• LIGHT REACTION
– LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION
– PHOTOLYSIS
– OCCURS IN THE GRANA
NUTRITION
• DARK REACTION
– A.K.A. CALVIN CYCLE
– LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION
– CARBON FIXATION
– OCCURS IN THE STROMA
NUTRITION
• WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE
RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
– AMOUNT OF LIGHT
– AMOUNT OF WATER
– TEMPERATURE
– PH
– MINERAL CONCENTRATION**
NUTRITION
• THE VENUS FLY TRAP IS CALLED A
“HETEROTROPHIC” PLANT, EVEN THOUGH IT
PERFORMS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
NUTRITION
• PLANTS CAN HAVE SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS
WITH REGARD TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!
NUTRITION
• SINCE PLANTS DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, DO THEY
HAVE TO PERFORM CELLULAR
RESPIRATION???
– PHOTOSYNTHESIS
DOES NOT
REPLACE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
NUTRITION
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. CHEMOSYNTHESIS
– PHOTOAUTOTROPH VS CHEMOAUTOTROPH
• BACTERIA CAN DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS; WHY IS
THAT WEIRD??
NUTRITION
• NUTRITION EXPLAINS
HOW ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE
OBTAINED…BUT IT
DOESN’T EXPLAIN HOW
THOSE COMPOUNDS
GET TO THE CELL…FOOD
ABSORBED IN THE
SMALL INTESTINE…HOW
DOES IT GET TO YOUR
BRAIN TO BE USED FOR
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION???
• AFTER CHRISTMAS, WE
GET TO FIND OUT!!