How To Cite
Textual Evidence
There are 3 main ways to cite
information:
 1. Quoting
 2. Paraphrasing
 3. Summarizing
Rules for Using Quotes
1.


Always prepare your reader for
the quote.
A quotation should never suddenly appear out
of nowhere.
Make sure the quotation builds off of or proves
what was said in the sentence immediately
before it.
For example:


ORIGINAL:
The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of
grain and she saw the river through the trees.
SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION:
Hemingway uses the image of a momentary
darkness to suggest the woman's growing
disillusionment. After her quarrel with the
man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the
field of grain . . ." (21).
Rules for Using Quotes
2. Follow up your quotation!


Avoid ending a paragraph with a quote– it’s your
paper, end with something that YOU have to say.
The sentence AFTER a quote should always
comment on the significance of the quote itself.
For example:


ORIGINAL:
The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of
grain and she saw the river through the trees.
SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION:
Hemingway uses the image of a momentary
darkness to suggest the woman's growing
disillusionment. After her quarrel with the
man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the
field of grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow
gradually develops over their relationship.
Rules for Using Quotes
3. Integrate the quote INTO your
text.


Use your own words to introduce a quotation.
Usually, you will want to transition by using the
author’s name.
Read it out loud. If it sounds too sudden and
abrupt, you need an effective transition.

For example:
THIS:
Hemingway uses the image of a momentary
darkness to suggest the woman's growing
disillusionment. After her quarrel with the
man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the
field of grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow
gradually develops over their relationship.
NOT:
The image of a momentary darkness suggests
the woman's growing disillusionment. “The
shadow of a cloud moved across the field of
grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow gradually
develops over their relationship.
Rules for Using Quotes
4. Maintain a smooth sentence
style.


Use only the most effective part of the quote.
Usually, you will want to transition by using the
author’s name.

For example:
THIS:
The narrator asks if anyone could imagine her
"looking a strange white man in the eye" (232).
NOT:
The narrator says, "Who can even imagine me
looking a strange white man in the eye?" (232).
Rules for Using Quotes
5. Sometimes, you need to leave a
part out of the quotation.

If the quote does not end when you want it to, use
ellipses to show that this is not where the author ended.
...
For example:


ORIGINAL:
The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of
grain and she saw the river through the trees.
SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED QUOTATION:
Hemingway uses the image of a momentary
darkness to suggest the woman's growing
disillusionment. After her quarrel with the
man, "[t]he shadow of a cloud moved across the
field of grain . . ." (21). A similar shadow
gradually develops over their relationship.

Rules for Using Quotes
6. To increase sentence fluency, you
may need to change or add words
in a quotation.

This is when you use brackets.
[word]

For example:
ORIGINAL:
"You don't have to call me by it if you don't want
to," said Wangero.
SOMEWHAT SMOOTHLY INTEGRATED
QUOTATION:
The new and supposedly improved Dee tells
her mother that she doesn't "'have to call [Dee]
by [her new name] if [she doesn't] want to'"
(234).

Rules for Using Quotes
7. Avoid OVER quoting.

Only quote when absolutely needed.
The vast majority of your paper should be YOUR paper,
not what someone else has said.
Please see me if you think you have been quoting too
much.
In general, keep it below 15% on Turnitin.com
Quotes, continued…
Quotes should be used when the author has said
something SO remarkable that it simply cannot be
altered.
When the words the author uses are not as
important as the ideas, you should paraphrase.
For paraphrasing methods/tips, see the Purdue OWL
handout provided in class.

Works Cited

Boyd, L. "Using Quotations in Your Essay." 9 December 1999. The
Literary Link. 7 July 2010
<http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/patten/usingquotes.html>.
Epics

Epic: An epic is a long narrative poem about a largerthan-life hero who is engaged in a dangerous journey
(quest) that is important to the history of a nation or
people.
4 Elements of an Epic
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
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1. An Epic Hero
An epic focused on the adventures of a larger-than-life
main character called the epic hero.
The hero is strong, brave, loyal, and virtuous– although
he is sometimes flawed.
2. An Epic Conflict
The plot of an epic centers on the hero’s struggle against
an obstacle or a series of obstacles.
The hero proves his strength, bravery, wisdom, and virtue
though success in battle or adventure.
4 Elements of an Epic




3. A Heroic Quest
Often, the hero’s journey takes the form of a perilous
journey, or quest, in search of something of value to his
people.
4. Divine Intervention
The epic hero often receives help from a god or some
other supernatural source.
Punctuation Review:
Commas: 6 Basic Ways to Use Them
 2. Commas Delineate a Series of Items
 A series contains three or more items separated by
commas. The items in a series can be either nouns (such
as “dog”) or verb phrases (such as “get in the car”). For
example,
 Ms. Casarez likes camping, reading, and kayaking.
 On Saturday, Ms. Casarez went to lunch, paid her electric
bill, and cleaned her house.
 The comma follows all but the last item in the series.
When using a conjunction, such as “and” or “or,” at the
end of the series, remember to precede it with a comma
(“. . . washed her car, and went grocery shopping”).