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Chapter 22, Section 3
The Enlightenment Spreads
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Chapter 22---Section 3
Objectives
1.Explain how Enlightenment ideas spread
throughout Europe.
2.Describe changes in art, music, and
literature during the Enlightenment.
3.Show how Enlightenment ideas reformed
monarchies in Prussia, Austria, and Russia.
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Discussion
Enlightenment ideas spread through
discussion, printed materials, songs,
and visual arts, as well as laws and
governmental decisions.
How do you learn about new ideas in
the 21st Century?
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A World of Ideas
Remember the philosophers’ of the Enlightenment got themselves in trouble
many times by criticizing the Catholic Church or the government. The
Enlightenment influenced everything from the art world to the royal courts.
1700s- Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of western Europe. Young
people came from all over Europe to study, live the culture of the city, and
philosophize.
Salons: social gathering places in large drawing rooms in mansions of wealthy
women. These gatherings attracted scientists, artists, writers, philosophers, and
other intellectuals.
Diderot’s Encyclopedia: One of the wealthiest and influential salon hostesses
of the time was Maria-Therese Geoffrin. She financed a project of a leading
philosophe Denis Diderot : this philosophe created a set of books from
contributions from scholars of Europe. These volumes were published in 1751
and called Encyclopedia.
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Encyclopedia
The views expressed during the Enlightenment caused trouble and angered the
French government and the Catholic Church. Censors banned the work due to
the fact it undermined royal authority, encouraged revolt, and fostered “moral
corruption, irreligion, and unbelief.” Diderot continued to publish his
Encyclopedia.
Salons and the published Encyclopedia helped to spread the Enlightenment
ideas to educate people throughout Europe. Enlightenment ideas eventually
spread through newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs.
The literate middle class was eager for news, ideas, and entertainment, readily
purchased popular magazines that began to circulate. One of the most famous,
The Spectator, offered essays about social behavior, love, marriage, and
literature. Another, The Ladies Diary, was aimed at middle-class women. By
the 1780s, over 150 magazines were available in England.
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New Artistic Styles
Neoclassical Style Emerges: 1600 and 1700 European art was dominated by a style called
baroque – characterized by a grand, ornate design. The baroque style was seen in
elaborate palaces such as Versailles.
Neoclassical- (new classical) Artists and architects worked in a simple and elegant style
borrowed ideas and themes from Greece and Rome.
Changes in Music and Literature: Music styles were dominated by composers Johann
Sebastian Bach of Germany and George Friedrich Handel of England.
During the Enlightenment a newer, lighter, and more elegant style of music known as
classical. Three composers in Vienna, Austria– Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus
Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.
Books written in common language and entertaining were very popular among the middle
class.
Examples of these works were; Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, considered to be the first
English novel about a young servant girl who refused the advances of her master. Tom
Jones, by Henry Fielding, describes the story of an orphan who travels all over England to
win the hand of his lady.
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
Enlightened despots: despots means, “absolute ruler.” Voltaire believed that the best form of government was
a monarchy which the ruler respected the people’s rights. Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made
reforms. Monarchs had no intention of giving up power.
The changes were motivated by two desires: A. Wanted to make their countries stronger; B. their own rule more
effective.
Frederick the Great: Frederick II, king of Prussia committed himself to reforming. Frederick granted religious
freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education. Also , he reformed the justice system and abolished the
use of torture. He did not believe in serfdom, but did nothing to change it because he needed the wealthy
landowners. The social order in Prussia never changed. Frederick made it clear that his goal was to serve and
strengthen the country.
Joseph II: of Austria was the son and successor of Maria Theresa. He introduced legal reforms and freedom of
the press. He also supported freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians and Jews. Joseph
eliminated serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid in cash for their labor.
Catherine the Great: She read the philosophes especially Voltaire. Catherine ruled with absolute authority but
was willing to seek reforms for Russia. She proposed reforms based on Montesquieu and Beccaria. She put
limited reforms in place, but did little to improve the life of Russian peasants. When the serfs started an uprising
and Catherine’s military put down the rebellion. Catherine knew that she needed the nobles to keep her throne
and gave noble’s the absolute authority over the serfs.
Catherine gained the rights to the Black Sea and the right to send ships through Ottoman controlled straits. She
also expanded her empire into Poland. Russia became an international power as it expanded.
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