Aim: What factors/circumstances
aided in the unification of Italy?
24:3
Title: The Unification of Italy
Do Now:
1. Please take out last night’s homework,
just need to check it.
2. Please place yesterday’s handout in
front [part of last night’s homework].
Aim: What factors/circumstances aided in the
unification
of
Italy?
Title: The Unification of Italy
Do Now [quietly please!]:
1. In your own words, define the term, nationalism.
a. Be sure to examine some of the key elements
connected to the term.
2. What are your views pertaining to nationalism?
Would you classify it as a positive or negative
force/movement? Prudence is absolutely necessary
here: Think carefully prior to answering.
Answer to # 1
Nationalism
• Nationalism is defined as pride in one’s
country
• Strong feelings for one’s country.
• People who share a common language,
history heritage.
• Nationalism causes people to join together
Answer to # 1
Nationalism
• 6 bonds that unify [shake my
hands – don’t worry, I used
soap & water & afterwards,
hand-sanitizer] a people:
•
•
•
•
•
•
common religion
common language
common ethnicity or ancestry
common history
common land
common culture
Culture
Answer to # 1
A shared way of
life (food or
dress)
History
A religion shared
by all or most of
the people
A common past;
shared
experiences
24:3
Religion
Nation-State
Language
Nationality
Different dialects
of one language;
one dialect is
“national
language”
Belief in common
ethnic ancestry
that may or may
not be true
Territory
A certain territory
that belongs to the
ethnic group; “the
land”
Answer to # 2
Nationalism
• Good
• Can work to bring people
together.
• Give people a common
goal.
• Pride or loyalty to one’s
country.
• Bad
• Can pull countries apart.
• Can cause revolts and wars
within the country.
• Extreme nationalism can
cause world wars because
one country feels it is
better then another.
Answer to # 2
The• Ideal
of
Nationalism
Nationality as a common ancestry
• Loyalty to a people
• Nations with a right to independence
Characteristics
Examples
Unification
Mergers of politically divided •19th century
but culturally similar lands
Germany
•19th century Italy
Separation
Culturally distinct group
resists being added to state
or tries to break away
State-building Culturally distinct groups
form into a new state by
accepting a single culture
•Greeks in the
Ottoman Empire
•French-speaking
Canadians
•The United States
•Turkey
24:3
Type
Answer to # 2
Nationalism
• Nationalism can be like a
bomb and split nations
apart
• Russia
• Ottoman Empire
• Austro-Hungarian
• These nations/empires
controlled vast numbers
of different ethnic
groups who wanted self
government.
Answer to # 2
Nationalism
• Nationalism can be
like a magnet and
bring people together
to create nationstates.
• Places like Italy and
Germany
OBJECTIVE I: Italy and Nationalism
- Why wasn’t Italy united before the
second half of the 1800s?
* No writing is necessary here,
just need a few volunteers to briefly
list a few answers to the question
above.
Italy and Nationalism: Why wasn’t Italy
united before 1850s?
• After the fall of the Roman Empire,
Italy had been a nation of small states.
• Napoleon united “Italy” into the
Kingdom of Italy.
• The Congress of Vienna [worked
towards undoing ALL of the grand
changes made by Napoleon &
Enlightenment philosophy… wanted
to resurrect absolute rule/monarchy]
re-divided Italy and placed Italy under
the rule of Austria.
• Italy continued to remain a country
Antiquity:
Roman Empire
Middle Ages:
competing city-states
Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces
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Conclusion? Throughout the ages, “Italy” was split up into
several different “states” and was independently governed
by local/natives of the region or by foreigners – e.g., France,
Austria-Hungary, etc.
(1859-1860)
24:3
OBJECTIVE #II - Work on completing the
handout: Exploring the road to Italy’s
Unification
Giuseppe Mazzini
a. Giuseppe Mazzini
• Nationalist leader who founded Young Italy.
• Young Italy was a secret society hoped to form a
free republic of Italy and established a republic in
Rome.
• Was quickly defeated by the French in 1849.
The Soul: Mazzini
(1805-1872)
The Duties of Man:
“O my brothers, love your
Country! Our country is
our Home, the house that
God has given us, placing
therein a numerous family
that loves us, and whom
we love…”
The Idealist Patriot
Italian Unification
• In 1849 the King of
Sardinia Victor
Emmanuel II and
Count Camillo
Cavour began to
work for Italian
unification
• Where is Sardinia
again? Is it even
part of “Italy”?
Can’t find it on a
map of the
mainland.
Cavour Unites Italy
• The quest for unity
• Mazzini’s Young Italy
• Sardinia and Italian unification
• Unification in the south
Giuseppi Mazzini
[The “Heart”]
• Garibaldi’s Red Shirts
• Challenges after unification
• Regional conflicts
Count Cavour
[The “Head”]
Giuseppi Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor
Emmanuel II
24:3
• Cavour’s goals
The Brains: Cavour (18101861)
Unification of Northern Italy
1858-1859:
Central Italy to the rescue –
demand unification!
1860:
1.
2.
Cavour returns & France repledges support
N. Italy unified (w/o Venetia)
The Brains: Cavour (18101861)
Unification of Northern Italy
1850s: strengthen Sardinia
1858-1859:
Quest to get LombardyVenetia from Austria!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ally w/ France
goad Austria into war
Franco-Sardinian victory!
France pulls support …
separate peace w/ Austria:
Italy gets Lombardy only
Cavour resigns
Noble Statesman in
Sardinian Government, 1850-1861
The Sword: Garibaldi
(1807-1882)
Unification of North & South
Red Shirts
1860:
1.
2.
3.
Military Leader
conquered Sicily
plan to invade Papal States 
stopped by Cavour
Cavour orders plebiscite  S.
states vote to join N
The Two Giuseppe’s
Why would I surrender the land I unified to Victor
Emmanuel and not keep fighting north on my own?
b. Giuseppe Garibaldi:
• Lead a revolutionary group of soldiers known
as the “red shirts”
• The “red shirts” invaded Sicily in 1860 and
then started marching back North winning
and controlling the areas as they marched.
• They eventually would connect with Victor
Emmanuel at Naples where Garibaldi would
turn over the lands he controlled to
Emmanuel helping him become King in 1861.
Italian Unification
• In the south Garibaldi started a revolutionary movement to drive
the Spanish out of Italy
• Garibaldi’s followers known as Red Shirts began attacking the
Spanish in Sicily
• In 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had driven the Spanish out
of Italy
• Finally in 1870 the French withdrew from Italy leaving it a newly
unified country
Italian Unification
• By 1861 most of Italy was unified
• Victory Emmanuel II became king of the newly unified Italy
24:3
“Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
Garibaldi
King Victor Emmanuel
II
What symbol is
used to represent
the soon-to-be
nation of Italy?
How is Garibaldi
portrayed?
This cartoon was
published in Great
Britain. What does
the title say about
the British attitude
towards the
unification of Italy?
What did the new, unified
Italy look like?
Government: Divisions between:
• Parliamentary monarchy
(Victor Emmanuel)
• Limited suffrage [Right to
vote]
• Social classes (rich/poor)
• Regions (N/S)
Challenges for Italia
a. Strong regional rivalries still existed.
b. Major division between
Northern & Southern Italy
• Northern Italy was industrializing
and had the largest cities and
wealthiest citizens.
• Southern Italy was rural and poor.
Life in the
North?
Life in the
South?
Challenges for Italia
c. Problems with the R.C.C.:
• The Pope resented the Papal states being taken
over and refused to recognize the new Nation and
urged Catholics not to cooperate with the
government.
• A small section of Rome, Vatican City [a country
within a state, that’s within a country], remained
under R.C.C. control.