Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
“1994 was the first year without Lenin. The Communist Party and the
Soviet people continued their creative work of building socialism under
Ruling alliance
Comrade Stalin’s leadership. Comrade Stalin rallied the Party around its
Central Committee and mobilised for the struggle to build socialism in
the USSR” Stalin 1947
Opposition faction
Key issues
Stalin
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Future of the revolution
Duumvirate (Bukharin &
Stalin)
Triumvirate (Zinoviev,
Kamenev & Stalin)
New Opposition
(Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Left opposition (Trotsky)
Right opposition
(Bukharin, Rykov &
Tomsky)
United opposition
(Trotsky, Zinoviev &
Kamenev)
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Ruling alliance
Triumvirate (Zinoviev,
Kamenev & Stalin)
Duumvirate (Bukharin &
Stalin)
Stalin
Opposition faction
Left opposition (Trotsky)
New Opposition (Zinoviev &
Kamenev)
Right opposition
(Bukharin, Rykov &
Tomsky)
Key issues
United opposition (Trotsky,
Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Industrialisation debate
Industrialisation debate
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Future of the revolution
Future of the revolution
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Ruling alliance
Triumvirate (Zinoviev,
Kamenev & Stalin)
Duumvirate (Bukharin &
Stalin)
Stalin
Opposition faction
Left opposition (Trotsky)
New Opposition (Zinoviev &
Kamenev)
Right opposition
(Bukharin, Rykov &
Tomsky)
United opposition (Trotsky,
Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Key issues
Industrialisation debate
Industrialisation debate
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Future of the revolution
Future of the revolution
To what extent did Stalin use the same methods to destroy all his opponents? E.g.
Ideological methods, manipulation of the party machine, devious tactics.
How far do you agree that Stalin’s ability to manipulate the Party machine was the key to
his success in the leadership struggle?
Stalin in power
The Revolution from above
1928 - 41
What do you know about Stalin and the USSR
during his time in power?
• Modernise Soviet society &
economy - creating a truly
Communist and prosperous
society
• Ensure the national security
of the USSR (After the death
of Lenin Stalin had called for
‘Socialism in One Country’ )
• Maintain his position as
leader
What were Stalin’s main policies 1928 - 53?
• Collectivisation
• The Five Year Plans
• The Cultural Revolution (inc. the cult of personality
& policies towards women, religion, education &
young people)
• The Purges
• Leading USSR during ‘The Great Patriotic War’
(1941-45)
“Building socialism in the
countryside.”
What economic problems were created by the NEP in
the late 1920s?
Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?
How far did collectivisation change over time?
How far did collectivisation meets its aims?
What economic problems were created by the NEP in the late
1920s?
• Using the source handout answer the
question above.
Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?
Economic Aims
Ideological aims
Political aims
Grain procurement crisis 1927-9
What form did collectivisation take?
How far did collectivisation change over time?
Radical policy
reversed
Radical policy
Radical policy
reintroduced
Emergency
measures
Twenty –
five
thousand
ers
“dekulaki
sation” Liquidati
on of the
Kulaks
Forced
collectivis
ation
Impact of
forced
collectivisatio
n ---> The
Party
retreats/
“Dizzy with
Success” --->
Policy
suspended.
Collectivi
sation
resumes
Famine
The collectivisation campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The
slogan reads:
"We kolkhoz farmers, on the basis of complete
collectivisation,
will liquidate the kulaks as a class." (THINK: Who is
likely to have organised such a demonstration?)
What impact did collectivisation have?
Positive
Rural areas
Industrialisation +
urbanisation
Political
consequences.
Negative
Number of
collective farms
Year
Percent of farmsteads
in collective farms
Percent of sown area
in collective use
1927
14,800
0.8
–
1928
33,300
1.7
2.3
1929
57,000
3.9
4.9
1930
85,900
23.6
33.6
1931
211,100
52.7
67.8
1932
211,100
61.5
77.7
1933
224,500
65.6
83.1
1934
233,300
71.4
87.4
1935
249,400
83.2
94.1
1936
–
90.5
98.2
1937
243,700
93.0
99.1
1938
242,400
93.5
99.8
1939
235,300
95.6
–
1940
236,900
96.9
99.8
PRODUCTION:
Grain
1928 = 73.3 million tons
1934 = 67.6 million tons
Cattle
1929 = 70.5 million
1934 = 42.4 million
Pigs
1928 = 26 million
1934 = 22.6 million
Sheep and goats
1928 = 146.7 million
1934 = 51.9 million
How far did collectivisation meets its aims?
Successes
Economic Aims
Ideological aims
Political aims
Failures
HOW FAR IS IT ACCURATE TO
DESCRIBE STALIN’S POLICY OF
COLLECTIVISATION AS A FAILURE?
(30 MARKS)
CONSEQUENCES?
• 10,000,000 people exiled.
• Those who remained endured hardship.
Unrealistic targets. Anger and resentment
towards the government. This led to a DROP in
productivity.
• The Kulaks were hard-working/successful, but
had been exiled. Production fell.
• 1933 harvest was 9,000,000 tonnes less than that
of 1926.
• Few farms acquired machinery. (too expensive).
• BUT......by 1941 all farms were collective.
INDUSTRIALISATION?
• Aim: to provide grain to export to raise funds
for industrialisation.
• SUCCESS: more exported.
• Standard of living fell for industrial workers.
• FAILURE: urban workers no better off.
• Unity between the peasants and workers?
• FAILURE: urban workers (propaganda) anger at
peasants.
• Growth of urban areas
• SUCCESS: Urban population in cities grew.
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
• Surprisingly, the chaos united the Party behind
their leader!
• Kulaks and peasants blamed for problems.
• Many even supported the hard line against
the peasants.
• Stalin achieved his personal ambition...Russia
was urbanised and grain procured was sold
abroad.
• BUT collectivisation was ruthless.