Mr. Thomas
P-A-P-E-A
Purpose-Audience
Point-Evidence-Analysis
“P-A”
 Purpose- why are you writing?
 To argue, analyze, compare, contrast, summarize, TCAP,
college essays, writing directions, lab results, project
proposal, process description, etc.
 Audience- to whom are you writing?
 College admissions, teachers, editorial, texting friends,
letters, emails, forms, etc.
It is not part of the paragraph but I would like you to
include it at the top of the page!
“P-E-A”
Point- The position the student makes:
The topic sentence of a paragraph, the answer to a
question, the main idea of the paragraph, restating the
prompt, etc.
Evidence- The information needed to prove the point:
Examples, results of an experiment, research, data, quotes,
equations, facts, observations, etc.
Analysis- The HOW and WHY the evidence proves the
point:
Explain yourself! Show, don’t tell.
PAPEA Example:
Atticus Finch, one of the characters in the novel, To Kill a
Mockingbird is a man of integrity. He defends Tom
Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman,
to the best of his ability, even though this goes against the
society. He does it because he believes it is the right thing
to do. He tells his children that if he did not defend Tom
Robinson, he, "...couldn't hold up my head in this
town" (Lee 75). He also refuses to allow the sheriff let his
son "off the hook" for killing a man in self-defense. He
says, “Heck, if this thing's hushed up, it'll be a simple
denial to Jem of the way I've tried to raise him“ (Lee 75).
Example continued:
People who have integrity are those who do what is
right and honest. Atticus does what is right, even
though it goes against society. He also insists that his
son receives the appropriate punishment and gets no
special treatment, because he wants to live honestly
and wants to be an example for his son. Clearly, Atticus
Finch is a man of integrity.
You may also add analysis after each quote instead of all
at the end.
Paragraph possibilities
 You may choose one of the lenses to discuss:
allegorical, existentialist, biographical.
 You may choose an important theme to discuss:
perseverance: “A man can be destroyed but not
defeated,” says the old man after the first shark attack.
At the end of the story, is the old man defeated? Why
or why not?
Nature: What role does the sea/ nature play in
OMAS?
 An actual question from an Advanced Placement
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Exam:
The central character in a novel or a play often encounters
moral, physical, or psychological danger. Select an
important character and show how the danger(s) a
character faces reveals character, and how that
revelation relates to the structure and/or meaning of
the work.
The use of literary elements: symbol, simile,
personification, Imagery, Hubris and how it affects the
reader/work
Anything else you might want to focus on as long as it is
focused and clear and supportable.
You will need at least three quotes to support (
evidence)
Format for Citations in text
 “The line you want to use from the text” (Last name of
author page).
 “The line you want to use from the text?” (Last name of
author page)
 “The line you want to use from the text!” (Last name of
author page)
 Example: “Everything was immense.” (Blake 1).
 No comma, period, pg. or ANYTHING other that
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author and a number. No comma, no period, no pg.
It is acceptable that if the author doesn’t change you
can just use the page number.
Ex: “” (Blake 7) “” (46) “” (3)
If you are working with more that one author, you
must add author each time it changes.
Ex: (Hemingway 121) “” ( 14) “” ( Steinbeck 215) “” (156)
“” ( Hemingway 212)
Quote Lead-ins
 Now we need to work on lead-ins!
 What do you need in a quote lead-in?
 There are two elements to a quote lead in:
 Speaker of the quote (even if it is the narrator)
 Context of the quote (place, situation, who are they
speaking to, why are they speaking)
Why do you need a lead in?
 To help explain the quote
 To avoid having a “hanging quote”
 To lead into analysis
 To set up the quote for the reader who may not have
read the novel
 To help with transitioning throughout the essay
 To show what you know about the quote
Steps to follow for the lead-in
List these for each quote you used for your citation practice
 Speaker Context Quote-
 Author and page number of quote
Examples from The Great Gatsby
 Speaker: Gatsby
 Context: Gatsby’s second party in the novel where
Daisy and Tom are there and have just left and Nick
and Gatsby are discussing Daisy’s demeanor when she
left.
 Page: 116
 Quote: “Can’t repeat the past? Why of course you
can!”
Examples of the lead-in
 As Gatsby is trying to hang on to his
dream of he and Daisy being together
he claims in response to Nick, “Can’t
repeat the past? Why of course you
can!” (Fitzgerald 116)
Practice
 Use each of the quotes you cited correctly for this
practice
 For each of the quotes you now need to add a quality
lead-in using speaker and context!
 Be sure to have cited these quotes correctly.