洋务运动
The Westernization Movement
中国近代化的起步
The starting of the modernization in
China
19世纪中期，近代化是世界性的进步潮流，
它是指从传统农业社会向近代工业化社会的转
变过程。
On the mid-19th century,Modernization is a
worldwide progressive trend,It points the
process of changing from a traditional agricultural
society to a modern industrialized society.
Modernization in China
中
国
近
代
化
经济领域(Economic Field)：
工业化(以机器生产为标志)——富强
Industrialization(Marked by machinery
production)--rich and strong
政治领域(Political Field)：
反侵略——民族独立
Anti-aggression--National Independence
反封建——民主自由
Anti-feudalism--Democracy and freedom
思想文化领域(Ideology and culture field)：
学习西方——思想解放
Learn from the western --Ideological
Liberation
？
何谓“洋务”
What does "Westernization" mean?
• 是指诸如外事交涉、签订条约、派遣留学
生、购买洋枪洋炮、开矿办厂等与外国资
本主义有关的事情。
They are matters relating to foreign
capitalism,such as Negotiation about foreign
affairs、Sign treaty、Returned Students
dispatch、purchase foreign gun and cannon
、develop mine and duild factory
何谓“洋务运动”
What does "The Westernization Movement"
mean?
• 是指１９世纪６０—９０年代，封建统治阶
级中的洋务派打着“自强” 、 “求富”的旗号，
开展的一场企图摆脱内忧外患、维护清朝封
建统治的自救运动。
On 19century 60s-90s, the Westernization Group in
the feudal ruling class carried out self-help
movement and attempted to get rid of internal and
external Sufferings , uphold the rule of the feudal
Qing Dynasty in the name of "self-strong"、“pursuing
wealth”。
洋务运动兴起的历史背景
The historical background of the rising of
the Westernization Movement
太平天国运动仍未被镇压下去（内忧）
The Taiping Rebellion hadn't been repressed
(internal sufferings)
第二次鸦片战争再次战败,签定了一系
列不平等条约 （外患）
The Second Opium War lost again , a series of
unequal treaties were signed(external sufferings)
第二次鸦片战争后,中外反动势力开始
勾结
After the Second Opium War, Chinese and foreign
reactionary forces began to collude.
1861年,总理衙门设立
In 1861, The Premier Government was established.
辛酉政变后，慈禧太后掌握实权
After xinyou coup,the Empress Dowager Cixi
mastered real power.
汉族官僚势力逐步扩大
Han bureaucratic forces expanded gradually.
洋务派与顽固派的争论
• 洋务派要购买外洋器物，始而演习，继
而试造，主张学习西方先进技术，剿发
捻，勤远略，即镇压农民起义，抵抗外
侮，中心是维护清朝统治
• The Westernization Group want purchase oceanic artifacts ,started to
exercise, then tried to make advocates ,learned the advanced technology,
destroyed hair twist, a little ground away, Tt was to repress peasant
uprisings and against foreign aggression, the center was defending the rule
of Qing Dynasty
• 顽固派在对待西方技术上，明显存在盲目
排外、仇视一切外洋事务的主张
When treated western technology,the Diehards
against everything foreign , hated the idea of
all the oceanic affairs
洋务派与顽固派的异同
Similarities and differences between the
Westernization Group and the Diehards
地主阶级
阶级属性：
Similarities
Class attribute ： the Landlord Class
相
同
根本目的：
维护清朝封建统治
The fundamental
purpose :
Maintain the feudal rule of
the Qing Dynasty
思想观点： 中学胜西学
Ideas and
views:
Chinese study win Western
study
对待西方近代文明成果的态度和解决
内忧外患的手段不同。
Differences
不
同
The attitude to modern western civilization
and the means of solving internal and external
problems is different.
洋务派：
守旧排外，原样统治
the Westernization Conservative exclusion,
Group:
stood rule
顽固派：
顺应时变，学习西技
the Diehard:
Comply with time-varying,
learn Western technology
中体西用
洋务运动的指导思想
Westernized Chinese Style__The guiding
ideology of Westernization Movement
• 洋务运动的口号就是师夷长技以自强
The Westernization Movement's slogan is Learning
the skills to self-reliance
• —既承认西方在技术方面的先进，又强调学
习的目的在增强自身实力而不是削弱自身传
统；既认同传统观念的精神价值，又确认西
方工业、机器生产技术的实用价值。这就为
洋务运动的逐步开展奠定了理论基础-
Not only acknowledged the technical aspects of Western art,
but also stressed the purpose of learning and enhance their
own power rather than undermine their own traditions;
both agreed the spiritual values of traditional concepts, but
also confirmed the practical value of the Western industrial
and machinery production technologies . This laid
theoretical foundationfor gradual development of the
Westernization Movement.
洋务派试图把西方资本主义先进
技术，嫁接到清王朝腐朽的封建制度上来。
The westernization Group attemptted to graft
western capitalism advanced technology on to the
decadent feudal system of Qing Dynasty.
建立在近代资本主义政治、经
济基础上的近代技术与腐朽的封建社会
体制是不相容的，这正是洋务派的不足
之处。
The modern
technology established on modern capitalist
political and economic are incompatible with the
decadent feudal social system , this is the deficiencies
of the Westernization Group.
如何判定洋务企业的性质？
How to determine the nature of the Westernization
enterprises?
• 一个企业的性质主要由生产目的、产品分配、
销售和企业管理特点等方面决定的。像江南制
造总局这样的军事工业，其生产目的是为清政
府服务，产品由清政府分配给军队使用，内无
资金积累，外无市场联系，企业的管理机构又
是封建衙门式的，所以我们称像它这样的军事
工业为封建性质的企业；像轮船招商局这样的
民用企业，其生产的目的是为了获取利润，企
业的管理中也出现了资本主义性质的管理方式，
因此这些民用企业基本上是以利润、市场和价
值规律为基础的资本主义性质的企业。
The nature of an enterprise is decided mainly by features
such as production purposes, the product distribution, sales
and business management . Such as the Jiangnan
Manufacturing Bureau military industry, its production was
for the Qing government services, products assigned by the
Qing government to the military use , within nonaccumulation funds and foreign non-market links, business
management organization is bureaucratic feudal style, so
We call it such as the feudal nature of the military-industrial
enterprises; Steamship such as civilian business, its purpose
is to produce a profit, the management company also
appears the management of the nature of capitalism, these
civilian enterprises are profit, market and the capitalist law
of value-based nature of the enterprise,basically.
对洋务运动的评价
层面：器物层次
Assessment on the Westernization Movement
总
total
进步
Progress
中国近代化首次大规模实践
China's first Practice of large-scale
modernization
精神：敢于冲破传统，面对现实，注目世界，正视
自己不足，学习别人长处，符合历史潮流
Spirit: Dare to break through the traditional, face
reality, attention in the world, to face your own
weaknesses, and learn the strengths of others,
consistent with the historical trend
标志中国国防近代化开端,利于增强国防力量
军事
Military Mark the beginning of China's defense modernization,
which will help increase national defense capability
瓦解了中国自然经济,刺激了中国资本主义产生与发展
经济
economy
The collapse of China's natural economy, to stimulate the
emergence and development of Chinese capitalism
标志中国生产近代化开端,利于提高生产力
Signs produced in China the beginning of modernization , which will
help to increase productivity
壮大了中国无产阶级队伍
Expand the ranks of the Chinese proletariat
抵制了列强经济侵略
Resist economic aggression of the powers
标志中国教育、科技近代化开端
Flag Chinese Education, Science and Technology beginning of
文教
the modernization
culture
引进了先进科技,培养了人才
and
The introduction of advanced technology and trained personnel
education 冲击了传统思想，促进了西学东渐和早期维新思想的产生
The impact of the traditional thinking, promoting Western ideas
and the early reform ideas generated
对洋务运动的评价
层面：器物层次
Assessment on the Westernization Movement
局限
Lim
itati
on
目的：维护清朝封建统治,镇压人民反抗为主—反动性
Purpose: Maintain the feudal rule of the Qing
Dynasty, mainly against the
suppression of the people - Reactionary
指导思想：中体西用
Guiding principle: Westernized Chinese Style
方式陈旧不科学,腐败严重
经营管理 The method is old and unscientific, corruption
过于依赖西方,用特权排斥民族资本主义
Over-reliance on the West, and use privileges
to exclude national capitalism
结果：无法富强
Result: Can not be rich and powerful
洋务运动的破产
The bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement
标志： 甲午中日战争的惨败
Mark:
Sino-Japanese war defeat
列强不愿中国掌握先进技术
客观
The powers do not want China to grasp the
objective advanced technology.
原因
causes
洋匠敲诈勒索foreign
顽固派阻挠破坏
carpenter extortion
The diehards to block and destruct
缺乏健全有力的领导核心
Strong core of leadership without a sound
主观： 不变革封建制度
—根本原因
subjective: Did not change the feudal system -Root cause
洋务运动
给近代中国带来了哪些新的东西?
which thing new did the Westernization Movement bring to
Modern China ?
• 1、改变了中国军队专恃刀矛等原始武器的落
后状态
Changes in China's military professionals rely Daomao
backwardness of primitive weapons
• 2、引进西方先进的技术设备,使近代化的机器
大生产开始在中国确立
The introduction of advanced Western technology and
equipment, so that the modernization of machinery in China
since the establishment of large-scale production
• 3、兴办新式学堂,促进中国近代教育的变更
Set up new schools, to promote change in China's modern
education
• 4、传播了近代的科学文化和企业管理经验,培养了一批人
才
Spread modern science and culture and business
management experience, training a pool of talent
• 5、使中国外交开始向近代化转变
Start the Chinese diplomatic from transition to modern
• 6、发展了工人阶级队伍 ----Develop the working class
洋务运动失败的教训
The failure of the Westernization Movement
1、独立自主是富强的前提。
Independence is a prerequisite for prosperity.
2、引进最先进科技并避免重复引进与建设
不依赖别人，注重自我创新。
Introduce the most advanced technology and avoid duplication in
the introduction and construction , not dependent on others,
focus on self-innovation
3、加强领导与科学管理，排除与减少阻力。
Strengthen leadership and scientific management, remove and
reduce the resistance
4、改革是个系统工程，经济体制改革时须进
行政治体制改革。
Reform is a systematic project, political restructuring is to be
carried out to adopt to economic reform.
5、人的现代化是国家经济、政治、文化现代
化的先决条件。
Modern man is the country's economic, political and cultural
prerequisites for modernization