ORGANIZING OF
LIBRARY MATERIALS
NOR EZAN BIN OMAR
CATALOG
Provide access to individual items
 Offer the user a variety of
approaches or access points to the
information contained in the
collection
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CATALOGING
The process of creating entries for a
catalog
 Activities involved in physically
preparing the item for the shelf
 Consists
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• Descriptive cataloging
• Subject cataloging
• Classification
CATALOGING
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Involves
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Create a description of the physical item
Choose certain name and titles (access points)
Doing authority work on those name and titles
Doing subject analysis
Choosing subject heading
Create call no. (location devices)
Coded all records (MARC format)
DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
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Part of the library cataloging process
concerned with identifying and describing
the physical and bibliographic
characteristics of the item
Determining the name(s) and title(s) to be
used as access points in the catalog
Constructed according to a standard style
selected by the community
DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
Anglo-American Cataloguing
Rules (AACR)
 Government Information Locator
Service (GILS)
 Dublin Core (DC)
 Archives, Personal Papers, and
Manuscripts (APPM)
 Describing Archives: A Content
Standard (DACS)
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DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
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Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR)
• A detailed set of standardized rules for
cataloging various types of library materials
that had its origin in Catalog Rules: Author and
Title Entries, published in 1908 by ALA and LA
(UK)
• Cooperation between the ALA, the Library
Association (UK), and the Canadian Library
Association, AACR was published in 1967
• A second edition (AACR2) was published in
1978, revised in 1988, 1999 and 2001
• The current version, Anglo-American
Cataloguing Rules, Second edition, 2002
Revision (AACR2 2002)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
(AACR)
Divided into two parts:
Rules for creating the bibliographic
description of an item of any type
 Rules governing the choice and form of
entry of headings (access points) in the
catalog
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DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
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Government Information Locator Service
(GILS)
• A decentralized collection of agency-based
information locators
• Uses network technology and international
metadata standards based on ANSI Z39.50
• Direct users to publicly accessible information
resources available from the U.S. federal
government
• Core data elements are:
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title, control identifier, abstract, purpose, originator,
use constraints, availability, point of contact for
further information, record source, and date last
modified
DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
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Dublin Core (DC)
• A standard set of 15 interoperable
metadata elements
• Designed to facilitate the description
and recovery of document-like
resources in a networked environment
• The descriptive elements are:
Dublin Core (DC)
descriptive elements
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Title (name given to the resource)
Creator (entity primarily responsible for making the content of the
resource)
Subject (topic of the content of the resource, typically expressed as
keywords, key phrases, or classification codes)
Description (abstract, table of contents, free-text account of the content,
etc.)
Publisher (entity responsible for making the resource available)
Contributor (entity responsible for making contributions to the content of
the resource)
Date (typically associated with the creation or availability of the resource)
Type (nature or genre of the content of the resource)
Format (physical or digital manifestation of the resource)
Identifier (an unambiguous reference to the resource within a given
context, such as the URL, ISBN, ISSN, etc.)
Source (reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived)
Language (the language of the intellectual content of the resource)
Relation (reference to a related resource)
Coverage (extent or scope of the content of the resource)
Rights (information about rights held in and over the resource)
DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
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Archives, Personal Papers, and
Manuscripts (APPM)
• A content standard for the description of
archival materials based on AACR2
• Published by the Society of American
Archivists (SAA) in 1989 and accepted
by most archives in the United States
• Been superseded by Describing
Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)
published by the SAA in 2004
DESCRITIVE CATALOGING
Standard Style
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Describing Archives: A Content Standard
(DACS)
• Content standard for creating access tools for archival
materials
• Published in 2004 by the Society of American Archivists
(SAA)
• Applicable to all types of archival materials at all levels
of description,
• Can be used for any type of descriptive output, including
the two most widely used standards, MARC 21 and
Encoded Archival Description (EAD).
• Divided into three parts ("Describing Archival Materials,"
"Describing Creators," and "Forms of Names")
SUBJECT CATALOGING
The most specific word or phrase
that describes the subject, or one of
the subjects, of a work
 Selected from a list of preferred
terms (controlled vocabulary) and
assigned as an added entry in the
bibliographic record to serve as an
access point in the library catalog
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SUBJECT CATALOGING
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Library of Congress Subject Heading
(LCSH)
• The complete alphabetic list of controlled
vocabulary
• Created by catalogers and used in since 1898
at the Library of Congress in assigning subject
headings to facilitate access to the information
content of newly published works
• Available now in:
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Print format
Machine readable format – also on CD-ROM
(CDMARC Subjects)
Microfiche
Library of Congress Subject
Heading (LCSH)
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How To Use Them?
• Headings in bold type are valid headings; these are the
headings used in the library catalog
• BT = "broader term(s)." These are more general
headings
• RT = "related term(s)." These can provide you with
ideas for other terms to pursue (like synonyms in a
thesaurus).
• NT = "narrower term(s)." These are more specific
headings
• UF = "used for," which means "used instead of
• SA = "see also." A see also reference indicates headings
that cover similar subjects
SUBJECT CATALOGING
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Sears Lists of Subject Heading
• Created by Minnie E. Sears cataloger and
bibliographer at a variety of libraries (Bryn
Mawr College, University of Minnesota, New
York Public Library)
• First published in 1923 for use in school
libraries and small public libraries
• Narrower in scope and its headings are more
general than LCSH
• Common terms are much preferred over
scientific and technical terms
• Also allowed individual libraries the authority
to create their own subject headings
• In use : SLSH 18th ed.
Sears Lists of Subject Heading
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Similarities between the LCSH and
SLSH
• Both lists are subject lists arranged in
alphabetical order
• Both lists make use of overarching
subject categories and hierarchical
subject subdivisions
Sears Lists of Subject Heading
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Differences between the LCSH and
SLSH
• Favor natural language
• Make use of only four types of
headings: topical, form, geographic, and
proper names
• Tended to convert inverted headings
into direct entries
CLASSIFICATION
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Act of organizing universe of
knowledge into systematic order
Library Classification
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Goes hand in hand with library
(descriptive): cataloging and classification
A system of coding and organizing library
materials according to their subject and
allocating a call number to that
information resource
System of arrangement adopted by a
library to enable patrons to find its
materials quickly and easily
Library Classification
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May be natural (e.g., by subject), artificial
(e.g., by alphabet, form, or numerical
order), or accidental (e.g., chronological
or geographic)
Some have minute subdivisions while
others are broader
Widely used systems include the Dewey
Decimal Classification, the Library of
Congress Classification, the Bliss
Classification, and the Colon Classification
Library Classification
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Objectives
• Help user identify and locate a work
through call number
• Group all works of a kind together
Types of Classifications System
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In general, classification systems can be
divided into three types
• Universal schemes covering all subjects.
Examples include Dewey Decimal Classification
and Library of Congress Classification
depending on how they are used
• Specific classification schemes. Examples
British classification of Music
• National schemes specially created for certain
countries. Example is SAB
Dewey Decimal Classification
Is a proprietary [ownership] system of
library classification developed by
Melvil Dewey (10.12.185126.12.1931) in 1876
 While working as an assistant
librarian at Amherst from 1874 until
1877, Dewey devised his system of
classifying and cataloguing books by
decimal numbers
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Dewey Decimal Classification
Revised at 7 years interval
 Between edition, the schedules and
tables are regularly reexamined,
revisions of existing numbers and
index entries, and provision for new
subjects are made as required
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Dewey Decimal Classification
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How it works
• Attempts to organize all knowledge into
ten main classes
• The ten main classes are then further
subdivided
• Each main class has ten divisions, and
each division has ten sections
Dewey Decimal Classification
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Classes
• 000 – Computer science, information, and
general works
• 100 – Philosophy and psychology
• 200 – Religion
• 300 – Social sciences
• 400 – Language
• 500 – Science
• 600 – Technology
• 700 – Arts and recreation
• 800 – Literature
• 900 – History and geography
Library of Congress Classification
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Developed by the Library of Congress
Used by most research and academic libraries
Was originally developed by Herbert Putnam with
the advice of Charles Ammi Cutter in 1897 before
he assumed the librarianship of Congress
Was influenced by Cutter Expensive
Classification, DDC, and was designed for the use
by the Library of Congress
Replaced a fixed location system developed by
Thomas Jefferson (3rd President of the United
States)
Library of Congress Classification
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
Z
General Works
Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion
Auxiliary Sciences of History
General and Old World History
History of America
History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America
Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation
Social Sciences
Political Science
Law
Education
Music
Fine Arts
Language and Literature
Science
Medicine
Agriculture
Technology
Military Science
Naval Science
Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources
Other Classifications System
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In English-speaking world
• Bliss Classification
• Dickinson Classification
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In other languages
• Chinese Library Classification
• Korean Decimal Classification
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That rely on synthesis (faceted systems)
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Colon Classification
Universal Decimal Classification
Cutter Expansive Classification
Brinkler Classification
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
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THANK YOU