Intensifications of the
Central Middle Ages, cont.:
Why were the bonds between secular
and religious leaders so complex by
1050?
What does Bennett mean by
papal monarchy?
Key Popes of
the Central Middle Ages
• Gregory VII (1073 – 1085)
• Urban II (1088 – 1099)
• Innocent III (1198 – 1215)
Some problems in the church and
papacy c. 900 - 1000
•
•
•
•
Office for sale
Corrupt popes
Little spiritual leadership
Control by secular leaders (esp.
royalty)
• Etc.
Pope John XII (for example)
955-964
What should a pope NOT do?
Another problem:
Henry III made emperor by pope in 1046, then
he makes a pope in turn! Whose authority is
higher?
Turning point in power of papacy
c. 1050
Papal Election Decree (1059)
Reform movement
(11th and 12th centuries)
What was the Gregorian Reform
(named for Pope Gregory VII)?
Goals of Gregorian Reform
• Eliminate lay control of church
– Examples?
Goals of Gregorian Reform
• Eliminate lay control of church
• No more purchasing of offices (simony)
Goals of Gregorian Reform
• Eliminate lay control of church
• No more purchasing of offices (simony)
• No more clerical marriage or sexual activity
(nicolaitism)
Goals of Gregorian Reform
• Eliminate lay control of church
• No more purchasing of offices (simony)
• No more clerical marriage or sexual activity
(nicolaitism)
• What were some of the consequences of this
reform program?
Pope Gregory VII vs.
Emperor Henry IV
What was the “Investiture
Controversy”?
Why is it not entirely accurate to
talk about this as Church vs. State?
Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099)
More to come on Urban II and
crusading…
Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216):
Origins and Interests?
What was the significance of
Fourth Lateran Council (1215)?
Which canons did you pull out as
particularly important or
interesting? Why?
Canons of the
Fourth Lateran Council
• Extended and consolidated papal and
ecclesiastical authority
• Regulated ecclesiastical offices, hierarchy, and
bureaucracy
• Articulated requirements for living Christian
and for who was excluded (heretics & Jews)
Medieval Universities
What was the relationship between
universities and Church power?
Professional Training in the
Middle Ages. . .