貧窮經濟的奇蹟
-從窮人銀行談孟加拉的發展
簡麗環
遙遠而陌生的國度-孟加拉
機會主義者的樂園？
 冒險家的天堂？
 窮人的地獄？
 投資者的新大陸？
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孟加拉人民共和國
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成立於 1972年1月 。
2012年孟加拉人口約為1.9億人，且為世界人
口第八多的國家。
孟加拉屬開發中國家，平均個人平均所得僅
641美元。
面積
首都
143,998 平方公里
達卡 (Dhaka)
氣候
時差
語言
亞熱帶氣候，溫暖濕潤，降雨量大，5月
中旬至10月為季風期
慢2小時
孟加拉語(Bangla)
貨幣
塔卡(Dhaka)
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黃麻曾經為孟加拉主要的經濟來源，於第二次
世界大戰至1940年代後期達到高峰，達到世
界出口量的80% 。
近年主要出口商品為：成立（約75%）、冷凍
食品（主要為凍蝦）、黃麻及其製品、皮革及
製品（三項合計約15%），茶葉，化肥，陶瓷
餐具等。
5-24歲適齡學生入學率57%，教師人數17萬。
孟識字率為62.66%，其中男性為65.94%，女
性為58.69%，成人識字率為54.80%。
孟加拉有49.8％的人口生活在貧困線以下，其
中33.4％為極度貧困人口。孟加拉屬開發中國
家，平均個人平均所得僅641美元。
A Short History of Grameen Bank
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The origin of Grameen Bank can be traced back
to 1976 when Professor Muhammad Yunus,
Head of the Rural Economics Program at the
University of Chittagong, launched an action
research project to examine the possibility of
designing a credit delivery system to provide
banking services targeted at the rural poor. The
Grameen Bank Project (Grameen means "rural"
or "village" in Bangla language) came into
operation with the following objectives:
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extend banking facilities to poor men and
women;
eliminate the exploitation of the poor by money
lenders;
create opportunities for self-employment for the
vast multitude of unemployed people in rural
Bangladesh;
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bring the disadvantaged, mostly the women from
the poorest households, within the fold of an
organizational format which they can understand
and manage by themselves; andreverse the
age-old vicious circle of "low income, low saving
& low investment", into virtuous circle of "low
income, injection of credit, investment, more
income, more savings, more investment, more
income".
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The action research demonstrated its strength in
Jobra (a village adjacent to Chittagong
University) and some of the neighboring villages
during 1976-1979. With the sponsorship of the
central bank of the country and support of the
nationalized commercial banks, the project was
extended to Tangail district (a district north of
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh) in 1979.
With the success in Tangail, the project was
extended to several other districts in the country.
In October 1983, the Grameen Bank Project was
transformed into an independent bank by
government legislation. Today Grameen Bank is
owned by the rural poor whom it serves.
Borrowers of the Bank own 90% of its shares,
while the remaining 10% is owned by the
government.
從27元美金開始創造的窮人經濟奇蹟
Philosophy of the founder
 we see the poor people as human "bonsai". If a
healthy seed of a giant tree is planted in a
flower-pot, the tree that will grow will be a
miniature version of the giant tree. It is not
because of any fault in the seed, because there
is no fault in the seed. It is only because the
seed has been denied of the real base to grow
on.
 If we can succeed in doing that there will be no
human "bonsai" in the world. We'll have a
poverty-free world.
Difference between Grameen Bank
and Conventional Banks ?
1.Conventional banking is based on collateral,
Grameen system is collateral- free.
2.Conventional banks look at what has already
been acquired by a person. Grameen looks at
the potential that is waiting to be unleashed in a
person.
3.Conventional banks are owned by the rich,
generally men. Grameen Bank is owned by poor
women.
4. Conventional banks objective is to maximize
profit. Grameen Bank's objective is to bring
financial services to the poor, particularly women
and the poorest.
5.Grameen Bank branches are located in the rural
areas, conventional banks which try to locate
themselves as close as possible to the business
districts and urban centers.
6.There is no legal instrument between the lender
and the borrower in the Grameen methodology.
Conventional banks go into 'punishment' mode
when a borrower is taking more time in repaying
the loan than it was agreed upon.
7.Conventional banks do not pay attention to what
happens to the borrowers' families as results of
taking loans from the banks. Grameen system
pays a lot of attention to monitoring the
education of the children.
Method of Action
1. Start with the problem rather than the solution
2. Adopt a progressive attitude.
3. Make sure that the credit system serves the
poor, and not vice-versa: credit officers visit the
villages, enabling them to get to know the
borrowers.
4. Establish priorities for action vis-a-vis to the the
target population
5. At the begining, restrict credit to incomegenerating production operations, freely
selected by the borrower. Make it possible for
the borrower to be able to repay the loan.
6. Lean on solidarity groups
7. Associate savings with credit without it being
necessarily a prerequisite.
8. Combine close monitoring of borrowers with
procedures which are simple and standardised
as possible.
9. Do everything possible to ensure the system's
financial balance.
10. Invest in human resources
10 Indicators
Every year GB staff evaluate their work
and check whether the socio-economic
situation of GB members is improving. GB
evaluates poverty level of the borrowers
using ten indicators.
 A member is considered to have moved
out of poverty if her family fulfills the
following criteria:
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1. The family lives in a house worth at least Tk.
25,000 (twenty five thousand) or a house with a
tin roof, and each member of the family is able to
sleep on bed instead of on the floor.
2. Family members drink pure water of tubewells, boiled water or water purified by using
alum, arsenic-free, purifying tablets or pitcher
filters.
3. All children in the family over six years of age
are all going to school or finished primary
school.
4. Minimum weekly loan installment of the
borrower is Tk. 200 or more.
5. Family uses sanitary latrine.
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6. Family members have adequate clothing for every
day use, warm clothing for winter, such as shawls,
sweaters, blankets, etc, and mosquito-nets to
protect themselves from mosquitoes.
7. Family has sources of additional income, such as
vegetable garden, fruit-bearing trees, etc, so that
they are able to fall back on these sources of
income when they need additional money.
8. The borrower maintains an average annual
balance of Tk. 5,000 in her savings accounts.
9. Family experiences no difficulty in having three
square meals a day throughout the year, i. e. no
member of the family goes hungry any time of the
year.
10. Family can take care of the health. If any
member of the family falls ill, family can afford to
take all necessary steps to seek adequate
healthcare.
16 Decisions
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1.0 We shall follow and advance the four
principles of Grameen Bank --- Discipline, Unity,
Courage and Hard work – in all walks of out lives.
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2.0 Prosperity we shall bring to our families.
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3.0 We shall not live in dilapidated houses. We
shall repair our houses and work towards
constructing new houses at the earliest.
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4.0 We shall grow vegetables all the year round.
We shall eat plenty of them and sell the surplus.
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5.0 During the plantation seasons, we shall
plant as many seedlings as possible.
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6.0 We shall plan to keep our families small. We
shall minimize our expenditures. We shall look
after our health.
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7.0 We shall educate our children and ensure
that they can earn to pay for their education.
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8.0 We shall always keep our children and the
environment clean.
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9.0 We shall build and use pit-latrines.
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10.0 We shall drink water from tubewells. If it is
not available, we shall boil water or use alum.
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11.0 We shall not take any dowry at our sons'
weddings, neither shall we give any dowry at our
daughters wedding. We shall keep our centre
free from the curse of dowry. We shall not
practice child marriage.
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12.0 We shall not inflict any injustice on anyone,
neither shall we allow anyone to do so.
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13.0 We shall collectively undertake bigger
investments for higher incomes.
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14.0 We shall always be ready to help each
other. If anyone is in difficulty, we shall all help
him or her.
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15.0 If we come to know of any breach of
discipline in any centre, we shall all go there and
help restore discipline.
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16.0 We shall take part in all social activities
collectively.
簡報完畢,
敬請指教!