TERMS OF REFERENCE If you speak Spanish, you may find the following mnemonics useful: Rostral (rostro means face); Ventral (vientre means tummy); Caudal (cola means butt) TERMS OF REFERENCE Terms of Reference Like a loaf of bread Like a hamburger (horizon) Like an apple LATERAL VIEW Central Sulcus Lateral Fissure _________ VIEW 8. Ventrolateral frontal cortex (aka lateral orbitofrontal cortex) 10. Lateral fissure, superior temporal gyrus, 13. Amygdala lies below the cortex 5 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DORSAL VIEW VENTRAL VIEW _Ventral__ VIEW Locate: Orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex Temporal pole Localize: Anterior Cingulate gyrus corpus callosum, Ventro medial prefrontal cortex, midfrontal cortex Amygdala, Coronal view Amygdala, horizontal cut, dissection Dopamine The Dopamine Reward System: Activities of survival (sex, feed) activate the reward system Drugs of abuse similarly activate the reward system Electrical stimulation of the reward system is also addictive Electrical intracranial self-stimulation stimulation Olds & Milner (1954) The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make heaven of Hell, and a hell of Heaven. (Satan, in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, book 1, ll. 254–5) Quoted by R. Cardinal n. accumbens dopamine VTA Neuroimaging of face, bird and car experts Fusiform Gyrus Cars-Objects Birds-Objects Car Experts “Face Experts” Fusiform Gyrus Bird Experts Gauthier et al., 2000 Fusiform Gyrus Children with autism as face “novices” Faces Control Group Fusiform Gyrus Autism Group Fusiform Gyrus Hypoactivation of fusiform face area Schultz, et al. 2000