In chordates, the long supporting rod
that runs through the body is called the
1. nerve cord.
2. notochord.
3. pharyngeal
pouch.
4. tail.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which of these chordate characteristics
exists as paired structures?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
tail
notochord
pharyngeal pouch
nerve cord
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In some chordates, pharyngeal pouches
develop into slits that develop into
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
fins.
gills.
blood vessels.
vertebrae.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
A vertebrate is any chordate
that has a
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
backbone.
notochord.
hollow nerve cord.
tail that extends
beyond the anus.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which of the following statements about a
vertebrate’s skeleton is INCORRECT?
1. It supports and
protects the body.
2. It is an
endoskeleton.
3. It grows as the
animal grows.
4. It is made entirely of
nonliving material.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Any animal with a spinal cord
must be a(an)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
fish.
amphibian.
vertebrate.
nonvertebrate
chordate.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The two groups of
nonvertebrate chordates are
1. tunicates and
lancelets.
2. skates and rays.
3. frogs and toads.
4. lungfishes and
coelacanths.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
One difference between lancelets and
tunicates is that adult lancelets have
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
a pharynx.
a head region.
jaws.
a backbone.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In which of the following ways does a larval
tunicate resemble an adult tunicate?
1. overall body shape
2. method of moving
from place to place
3. method of feeding
4. structure of
notochord
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Most fishes are characterized by
each of the following EXCEPT
1. a cartilaginous
skeleton.
2. scales.
3. paired fins.
4. gills.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In most fishes, the structures that are most
important for obtaining oxygen from water
are the
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. scales.
2. gills.
3. lungs.
4. vertebrae.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Vertebrate X has gills. To determine whether
vertebrate X is a fish, it would be useful to
know if it also has
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. a notochord.
2. pharyngeal
pouches.
3. a spinal cord.
4. paired fins.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
The first vertebrates to evolve
were
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
amphibians.
lancelets.
tunicates.
fishes.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Fishes that lived during the late
Cambrian Period
1. lacked paired fins.
2. had powerful
jaws.
3. had limbs.
4. had soft bodies
with little or no
armor.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which statement correctly describes
the likely evolution of fishes?
1.
25%
Fishes evolved directly from tunicates and
lancelets.
Both fishes and lancelets evolved directly from
tunicates.
Fishes, lancelets, and tunicates probably evolved
from common invertebrate ancestors.
Fishes probably evolved from vertebrate
ancestors, whereas lancelets and tunicates
evolved from invertebrate ancestors.
2.
25%
3.
25%
4.
25%
1
2
3
4
5
In fishes with gills, oxygen-rich
water enters through the
1.
mouth and leaves through the
openings in the pharynx.
mouth and leaves through the
bladder.
openings in the pharynx and leaves
through the mouth.
openings in the pharynx and leaves
through the anus.
2.
3.
4.
25%
1
1
2
3
4
5
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Blood flows through the body of
a fish in a
1. single-loop open
circulatory system.
2. single-loop closed
circulatory system.
3. double-loop open
circulatory system.
4. double-loop closed
circulatory system.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
After passing through the gills of a fish,
blood circulates through the rest of the body
and then collects in the
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. atrium.
2. ventricle.
3. bulbus arteriosus.
4. sinus venosus.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Most fishes get rid of
nitrogenous wastes by
1.
taking in ammonia through the gills and
eliminating it from the kidneys.
taking in water through the kidneys and
eliminating ammonia from the gills.
eliminating ammonia from the gills and
from the kidneys.
eliminating urine from the gills and
ammonia from the kidneys.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
If a fish’s olfactory bulbs were damaged, the
fish probably would be unable to
1.
coordinate its body
movements.
recognize substances
by their smell.
discriminate between
light and dark objects.
detect vibrations in the
water.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The organ that adjusts the buoyancy of
many bony fishes is the
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
swim bladder.
cerebellum.
ventricle.
kidney.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Suppose a fish is swimming upstream in total darkness.
Which of the following would be most likely to help the fish
sense aquatic predators that approach it from behind?
1. its well-developed
eyes
2. its chemoreceptors
3. its lateral line system
4. its bulbus arteriosus
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
If a species of fish reproduces through
external fertilization, that species must be
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
oviparous.
viviparous.
ovoviviparous.
either viviparous
or ovoviviparous.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Modern jawless fishes include
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
skates.
sharks.
lampreys.
lungfishes.
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
All fishes in the class
Chondrichthyes are alike in the
1. foods that they eat.
2. size and form of
their teeth.
3. shape of their
bodies.
4. composition of their
skeletons.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The harder a body part is, the greater the chance that it will
be well preserved as a fossil. On that basis, which of the
following groups of fishes would leave the best-preserved
fossils of their skeletons?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
hagfishes
lungfishes
sharks
lampreys
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of most amphibians?
1.
They live on land as
adults.
They breathe with lungs
as adults.
They have moist skin
that contains mucus
glands.
They have scales and
claws.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which feature distinguishes most
fishes from most amphibians?
1. a vertebral column
2. scales
3. breathing with gills
during at least part
of the life cycle
4. living in water during
at least part of the
life cycle
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Most amphibians exist as
1.
25%
aquatic larvae that breathe with gills and as terrestria
adults that breathe using lungs and skin.
aquatic larvae that breathe using lungs and skin and
as terrestrial adults that breathe with gills.
terrestrial larvae that breathe with gills and as aquati
adults that breathe using lungs and skin.
terrestrial larvae that breathe with gills and lungs and
as aquatic adults that breathe using skin.
2.
25%
3.
25%
4.
25%
1
2
3
4
5
The first amphibians probably
resembled
1. jawless fishes, like
the lamprey.
2. cartilaginous fishes,
like the skate.
3. lobe-finned fishes,
like the coelacanth.
4. ray-finned fishes,
like the salmon.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The dominance of amphibians during the
Carboniferous Period ended because
1.
many of their habitats disappeared due
to climate changes.
swampy fern forests became more
widespread.
amphibians were never very numerous
during that period.
amphibians did not evolve from the first
forms that climbed onto land.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25% 25% 25% 25%
1
2
3
4
At the end of the Permian
Period,
1.
a great adaptive radiation of
amphibians occurred.
amphibian species reached their
greatest number.
most amphibian species became
extinct.
amphibians first appeared.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Adaptations that helped early amphibians
live on land included all of the following
EXCEPT
1. strong limb bones. 25% 25% 25% 25%
2. dry, scaly skin.
3. lungs and
breathing tubes.
4. sterum, or
breastbone.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Which of the following is NOT an amphibian
adaptation that provides support against the
pull of gravity?
1. strong bones in the
limbs
2. strong bones in the
limb girdle
3. a bony cage around
the internal organs
4. lungs for breathing
air
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Some species of amphibians have skin color and markings
that enable them to blend in with their surroundings. This
would be most effective against predators that hunt by
sensing the
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. smell of their prey.
2. color of their prey.
3. sounds made by
their prey.
4. heat released by
their prey.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
In a frog, the cavity through which digestive
wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the
body is the
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. cloaca.
2. colon.
3. gallbladder.
4. pancreas.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Which of the following structures are missing
from many salamanders that live on land?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
lungs
kidneys
legs
eyes
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In the circulatory system of an adult
amphibian, one loop carries
1.
oxygen-poor blood from the body
directly to the lungs.
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
directly to the body.
oxygen-poor blood from the lungs
back to the heart.
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back
to the heart.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Which chamber of an amphibian’s heart
contains blood with the highest oxygen
concentration?
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. ventricle
2. right atrium
3. left atrium
4. conus arteriosus
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
The eggs of amphibians can dry
out easily because they
1. are never encased
in jelly.
2. do not have shells.
3. are usually laid on
land.
4. are always fertilized
externally.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
A frog’s tympanic membranes
would be most useful for
1.
enabling the frog to
jump long distances.
filtering wastes from the
frog’s blood.
listening to the mating
calls of other frogs.
keeping the frog’s eyes
from drying out on land.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Similarities between most amphibian larvae
and fishes include all of the following
EXCEPT
1.
the presence of a lateral
line system.
the organization of their
circulatory systems.
their method of
propelling themselves
through the water.
the basic structure of
their brains.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
The amphibian in Figure 30–1 is a
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
25%
25%
25%
caecilian.
frog.
salamander.
toad.
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Amphibians like the one in Figure 30–1 are
25%
25%
25%
25%
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
2
3
herbivores as larvae and carnivores as adults.
carnivores as larvae and herbivores as adults.
herbivores as larvae and adults.
carnivores as larvae and adults.
4
5
In which amphibian would you expect the
pelvic girdle to be least well developed?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
a caecilian
a salamander
a toad
a frog
2
3
4
5
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In chordates, the nerve cord runs along the
dorsal part of the body.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
An animal cannot be a chordate if it lacks a
backbone. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The nonvertebrate chordate that has all four
chordate characteristics as an adult is the
tunicate. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The fins of fishes are used for protection.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The first fishes to evolve could not control their
movements with great accuracy because they
lacked jaws. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The cerebrum is the part of a fish’s brain that
coordinates body movements.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
If a species of fish is viviparous, its young are born
alive and obtain nourishment from the mother’s
body. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
When a fish that spends most of its life in the ocean enters
a river and migrates upstream to breed, its kidneys adjust
by producing dilute urine. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
If a fish lacks true teeth, has no vertebrae, and has a
skeleton that contains cartilage, it belongs to the group
known as cartilaginous fishes.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
Most amphibians live in water as
adults. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
A scientist who studies vertebrate fossils would find the
earliest amphibian fossils in rocks dating from the late
Devonian Period. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The pelvic and pectoral girdles are generally
weaker in fishes than in amphibians.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The intestine of a frog becomes shorter
when the frog develops from a tadpole into
an adult. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Among amphibians with legs, adult salamanders
have body movements that most closely resemble
those of fishes. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
If an amphibian larva loses its tail when it
becomes an adult, it is a salamander or
newt. ______________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Participant Scores
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
0
0
0
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5
In fishes and amphibians, gills develop from
slits that form in the
_________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Individual segments of the backbone
are called ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Unlike an adult tunicate, an adult lancelet
has a head region that contains a(an)
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
One basic characteristic of fishes is the
presence of ____________________, which
fishes use to obtain oxygen from water.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The skeletons of some ancient fishes were
made of ____________________, which is
softer and more flexible than bone.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The adaptation that greatly expanded the range of
food sources available to early fishes was the
evolution of ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Adult salmon can distinguish their home
stream from other streams by using their
sense of ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The part of a fish’s brain that processes olfactory
information is the ____________________, which controls
voluntary movements in most other vertebrates.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
If a vertebrate is aquatic as a larva and
terrestrial as an adult, it is a(an)
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The Carboniferous Period is sometimes
referred to as the Age of
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
One adaptation of amphibians for life on land is the
presence of mucus glands in the skin, which can help
protect amphibians from _________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 30–2
In the frog’s heart shown in Figure 30–2, the
structure labeled B is the
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In the frog’s heart shown in Figure 30–2,
blood from the ____________________
enters the structure labeled A.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
An organ that is part of a frog’s digestive,
excretory, and reproductive systems is the
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The group of amphibians that can cover relatively
large distances on land most rapidly is the
_________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List the four characteristics of
chordates.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In vertebrates, how does the front end of the
spinal cord differ from the rear end?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why are vertebrates classified as chordates
even though most adult vertebrates lack a
notochord?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How do lancelets move?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Why is a gradual deterioration of a habitat in
a specific place more likely to harm most
adult tunicates than adult lancelets?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Identify one feature of early fishes from the
Cambrian Period that was probably useful
as a defense against predators.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the structure, and list two
functions of, the pyloric ceca of fishes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Distinguish between anadromous
and catadromous fishes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How does the amount of blood that leaves a fish’s atrium in
one minute compare with the amount that leaves the
ventricle during the same period of time?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 30–3
To which of the three main groups of fishes
do each of the animals in Figure 30–3
belong?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the composition of the
skeleton of each fish in Figure 30–3.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Fossil evidence indicates that animal X had a backbone, four limbs, a
long tail, and an overall length of about 4.5 meters. Its skin appears to
have been smooth, and its toes did not have claws. It resembled a
present-day coelacanth. During which geologic period did this animal
probably first appear?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List two adaptations of early amphibians that
helped them live on land.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How can an amphibian see underwater
without damaging its eyes?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What are the three groups of
modern amphibians?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Contrast the structure of an adult
lancelet and an adult tunicate.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the basic characteristics of fishes,
and cite two examples of fishes that do not
share all of these characteristics.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Explain how jaws were a useful
adaptation for early fishes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Which group of early fishes is thought to have
evolved into the first true land vertebrates? What
evidence supports this idea?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Name the five main parts of a fish’s brain,
and describe the function of each part.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How would you go about classifying a
previously unidentified species of fish into
one of the three major groups of fishes?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the basic characteristics of amphibians,
and cite three examples of amphibians that do not
share all of these characteristics.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How are worldwide amphibian populations
changing today? What explanations have
been proposed to explain the change?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the circulation of blood through the
body of an adult amphibian. Include the
chambers of the heart in your description.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe the changes in structure and
behavior that occur as a frog develops from
a larva into an adult.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5