AIRFIELD DRIVER
TRAINING
Lloyd M. Tillmann, Assistant Director
Lakeland Linder Regional Airport
Why Driver Training?
Standardized Airfield Driver
Training Program
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Overview/Purpose
Airfield Markings
Airfield Lighting
Airfield Signage
Radio Communication
Light Gun Signals
Runway Incursions
Construction
Conclusion
Acronyms
Purpose of Training
• To establish a standardized airfield driver
training program and make airport operators
and vehicle operators aware of the resources
available, to maintain the highest possible
level of safety within the airport
environment. To ensure that the number of
runway incursions is reduced, along with
the potential for aircraft incidents or
accidents.
Definitions
• Runway – A defined rectangular surface on an airport prepared
or suitable for the landing or take off of aircraft.
• Taxiway – A defined path established for the taxiing of aircraft
from one part of an airport to another.
• Movement Area – Runways, taxiways, and other areas of an
airport which are used for taxiing, or hover taxiing, air taxiing,
takeoff, and landing of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and
aircraft parking areas.
• Please consult your handbook for a detailed list of definitions.
Definitions
• Runway Incursion – Any occurrence at an airport involving
an:
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aircraft
vehicle
person
or object on the ground
that creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with an
aircraft taking off, landing, intending to take off, or intending to
land.
Rules & Regulations
• Federal Aviation Regulation Part 139.329(e) states that a
certificate holder shall “ensure that each employee, tenant, or
contractor who operates a ground vehicle on any portion of the
airport which has access to the movement area is familiar and
complies with the airport’s rules and procedures for the
operation of ground vehicles”.
Vehicle Driving Rules
• AIRCRAFT SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT OF WAY OVER ALL
VEHICLES.
• No person operating a vehicle on the Airport shall fail to observe
the directions of posted signs or Air Traffic Control.
• Only vehicles with an operational need may drive on the
movement area of the airport. Runways and taxiways should
not be used as a throughway.
• No vehicle shall enter a movement area without prior clearance
from Air Traffic Control Tower.
• Drivers operating on the movement areas shall be in continuous
two-way communications with Air Traffic Control.
Vehicle Requirements
• Personal vehicles are not permitted on the movement area, unless
used in conjunction of business purposes.
• Vehicles operating on the movement area shall display a company
name and/or logo.
• Must have an operating yellow rotating beacon or strobe light.
• Sunset to sunrise shall have headlights and taillights.
• Equipped with a two-way radio, and must be in continuous
communication with the Control Tower.
• All vehicles must meet the minimum insurance coverage stipulations
as required by Airport Administration.
• The use of any unsafe or malfunctioning vehicles/ground equipment is
unauthorized.
Speed Limits
Speeds, at all times, shall be no greater than
is reasonable and prudent under existing
traffic, safety, and weather conditions.
Speed limit on the AOA is 15 miles per hour (mph).
Speed limit within the wingtip radius of aircraft is 5 mph.
Speed limit of airport perimeter roads is 25 mph.
General Safety Rules
Violations
Airport Administration personnel are authorized to cite
violations on any violation of Airport Rules and
Regulations. Penalties for such violations are as
follows:
1st Violation - Driver’s Primary Tenant will be subject to a
$100.00 fine, and driver’s privileges revoked until
he/she successfully re-completes the Driver Training
Course.
Violations, con’t
2nd Violation - Driver’s Primary Tenant will be subject to a $200.00
fine. Driver will receive a 30-day suspension of privileges,
and the driver must successfully re-complete the Driver
Training Course.
Note: Fine for second violation is imposed on Primary Tenant whether violation is
committed by same employee who committed previous violation or another employee.
3rd Violation - Driver’s Primary Tenant will be subject to a $500.00
fine. Driver will receive a one-year suspension of privileges,
and driver must successfully re-complete the Driver
Training Course.
Note: Fine for third violation is imposed on Primary Tenant whether violation is
committed by same employee who committed previous violation(s) or
another employee.
Violations, con’t
4th Violation - Driver’s Primary Tenant will be subject to a $1,000.00
fine, and Driver’s privileges will be suspended indefinitely.
Note: Fine for fourth violation is imposed on Primary Tenant whether violation is
committed by same employee who committed previous violation(s) or another
employee.
If a violation is received, the Primary Tenant that granted
privileges to drive on the Movement Area must issue the
payment covering stated fine. The airport will not accept
payment in any form other than from the Primary Tenant.
Movement Area
Airfield Markings
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Hold Bars
ILS Hold Bars
Movement/Non-Movement Area Boundary
Surface Painted Holding Position
Surface Painted Location
Taxiway Edge (Full and Dashed)
Vehicle Roadways
Hold Bars
• Identifies the location
where a pilot or vehicle is
to stop when clearance has
not been granted onto a
runway.
• Never cross without
permission.
Hold This • Hold on the solid line side.
Side
• Used in conjunction with
hold position sign(s).
ILS Hold Bar
• To identify the location
where a pilot or vehicle is
to stop when he/she does
not have clearance to enter
the ILS/MLS area.
• Located at the perimeter of
the ILS/MLS critical area.
• Unauthorized penetration
could disrupt NAVAIDS.
• Used in conjunction with
an ILS critical area sign.
Movement/Non-Movement
Area Boundary
Hold This
Side
• Defines the boundary
of the movement area
and non-movement
area.
• Must have permission
from ATC to enter
movement area.
• Hold on the solid line
side.
Surface Painted Holding
Position
• Used where pilots had
difficulty discerning the
location of the holding
position and to supplement
signs located at holding
positions.
• Required where the width
of holding position on the
taxiway is greater than
200’.
• Used in conjunction with
the hold bar, and sign(s).
Taxiway Edge Stripes
• Used to delineate the edge of a
taxiway, primarily when the
edge of the useable taxiway
does not correspond to the edge
of the pavement. (Example,
taxiway shoulders).
• Continuous – Paved surface
other than full strength taxiway
not intended for use by aircraft.
• Dashed – Operational need to
identify taxiway edge where
abutting paved surface is
intended for use by aircraft.
Vehicle Roadway Markings
• Defines route that vehicles
should use when the same
area is used in conjunction
with aircraft.
• Markings can be solid or
zipper style for greater
visibility.
• Vehicles should use these
routes to the greatest
extent practicable.
Airport Lighting
• Runway Lighting
• Taxiway Lighting
• Runway End Lights
Runway Edge Lighting
• Designed to identify the
edge of the usable runway
surface at night and during
periods of low visibility.
• Clear (or white) except the
last 2000’ of a precision or
non-precision instrument
runway, lights are amber.
Taxiway Edge Lighting
• Designed to identify
the edge of the usable
taxiway surface at
night and during
periods of low
visibility.
• Taxiway edge lighting
is blue.
Runway End Lights
• Used to depict the end
of the useable runway
to aircraft.
• Arranged in two sets
of four lights.
Airfield Signs
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Hold Position Signs
ILS/MLS Critical Area Signs
Runway Approach Signs
Taxiway Location Signs
Distance Remaining Signs
No Entry
Taxiway Ending Marker
Inbound Destination Signs
Array of Multiple Signs
Hold Position Signs
• Used to denote the
entrance to a runway or
critical area, in
conjunction with hold
bars.
• Have white inscriptions
with red backgrounds.
• Must not be passed unless
permission is granted by
ATC.
• Should be NOTAMed
when unavailable or unlit.
ILS Critical Area Sign
• Used in conjunction with
ILS/MLS Critical area
hold markings to identify
the outer boundary of the
critical area.
• White inscription with
Red background.
• Penetration into area
without permission could
disrupt NAVAIDs.
Taxiway Location Signs
• Identify the taxiway
on which the aircraft
or vehicle is located.
• The inscription is
yellow with a black
background.
• Can also be used to
designate a runway in
which an aircraft or
vehicle is located.
Distance Remaining Signs
• Used to identify the
distance remaining on
a runway, during take
off and landing.
• White inscription with
black background.
• Located at 1000’
increments.
No Entry Signs
• Indicates that entry
into a particular area is
prohibited to aircraft.
• White dash and circle
with red background.
Taxiway Ending Marker
• Used to indicate that a
taxiway does not
continue.
• Retro-reflective sign
or barriers with
alternating yellow and
black angled stripes.
Inbound Destination Sign
• Used to designate a
location on the airport
such as an FBO, ramp
parking area, military
operation, or fuel.
• Black inscription with
yellow background.
• Denotes generally
non-movement area
facilities.
Radio Communication
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Ground Control
Tower Control/CTAF
Phonetic Alphabet
Proper Phraseology
Light Gun Signals
Ground Control Frequency
• Responsible for the
control of aircraft,
vehicles, and pedestrians
on controlled airport
surfaces, except runways.
(Movement Areas)
• The Ground Control
frequency for this airport
is 121.40 MHZ.
Tower Frequency/CTAF
• Controls the
movement of aircraft
on runways and
airport airspace.
• Local controller has
jurisdiction over
runways.
• The tower frequency
for this airport is
124.50 MHZ.
CTAF
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
• Movement of aircraft &
vehicles on runways and
airport airspace when tower
is closed.
• Driver self announces
intentions/movements .
• The CTAF frequency for
this airport is 124.50 MHZ.
• Announce using “Lakeland
Traffic…”
Phonetic Alphabet
A- Alpha
B- Bravo
C- Charlie
D- Delta
E- Echo
F- Foxtrot
G-Golf
H-Hotel
I - India
J- Juliet
K-Kilo
L- Lima
M-Mike
N- November
O-Oscar
P- Papa
Q-Quebec
R- Romeo
S- Sierra
T- Tango
U- Uniform
V- Victor
W-Whiskey
X- X-ray
Y- Yankee
Z- Zulu
Proper Phraseology
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Listen before you transmit.
Think about what you want to say.
Avoid using slang (no “CB” radio, no police “10” codes)
Use aviation related phraseology.
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Roger (I understand)
Wilco (Will comply)
Acknowledge
Affirmative (Yes)
Negative (No)
Proper Phraseology
• Identify who you are calling/name of facility.
Vehicle – “LAL Ground… Tenant 1”.
Proper Phraseology
• Identify who you are calling/name of facility.
Vehicle – “LAL Ground… Tenant 1”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1 .. LAL Ground.”
Proper Phraseology
• Identify who you are calling/name of facility.
Vehicle – “LAL Ground… Tenant 1”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1 .. LAL Ground.”
• Identify your intentions.
Vehicle – “Tenant 1 on the terminal Ramp and would
like to cross Runway 9 to the South Ramp”.
Proper Phraseology
• Identify who you are calling/name of facility.
Vehicle – “LAL Ground… Tenant 1”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1 .. LAL Ground.”
• Identify your intentions.
Vehicle – “Tenant 1 on the terminal Ramp and would
like to cross Runway 9 to the South Ramp”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1, Proceed up to and hold short of
Runway 9 at Taxiway Bravo.”
Proper Phraseology
• Identify who you are calling/name of facility.
Vehicle – “LAL Ground… Tenant 1”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1 .. LAL Ground.”
• Identify your intentions.
Vehicle – “Tenant 1 on the terminal Ramp and would
like to cross Runway 9 to the South Ramp”.
• Wait for a response.
Tower – “Tenant 1, Proceed up to and hold short of
Runway 9 at Taxiway Bravo.”
• Always repeat the instructions back to the tower.
Vehicle – “Roger, Tenant 1, Proceed up to and hold
short of Runway 9 at Taxiway Bravo.”
Light Gun Signals
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Used when a two way radio system between the air
traffic control facility and aircraft or vehicle is
unavailable or inoperative.
Steady Green Cleared to cross, proceed, or, go.
Flashing Green Cleared to taxi (aircraft only).
Steady Red
Stop.
Clear runway or taxiway.
Flashing Red
Flashing White Return to starting point on airport.
Alternating Green/Red Use extreme caution.
Runway Incursions
• The worst disaster in civil aviation history resulted from a
runway incursion (543 dead!).
• Runway incursions have increased from 186 to 431
nationally in the last seven (7) years.
• Haze and fog increase the risk of runway accidents by a
factor of twelve(12).
• Runway incursions represent 6% of total aviation fatalities.
• 60%-80% of runway incursion result from human error.
• Nationally, runway incursions average 1 per every 200,000
aircraft operations.
Runway Incursion Data
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Number of Incursions
200
240
275
292
325
321
431
Runway Incursion Data
(cont’d)
• Types of Incursions
• Operational Error (OE) = 20% of
occurrences
• Pilot Deviations (PD) = 61% of
occurrences
• Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviation (V/PD) = 19%
of occurrences
Ways to Prevent Runway
Incursions
• See the Big Picture – Watch for aircraft approaching to
land or take off.
• Transmit Clearly – Make your instructions and read
backs complete and easy to understand.
• Listen Carefully – Listen to your clearance. Do not let
communications become automatic.
• Situational Awareness – Know your location. Know what
is going on around you, in all directions.
• Admit When Help is Needed – Ask ATC for help. Better
to damage your pride than property.
Ways to Prevent Runway
Incursions
• Understand Signs, Lights, and Markings – Keep current
with airport signs, lights, and markings. Know what they
mean and what action to take.
• Never Assume – Do not take clearances for granted. Look
both ways before entering or crossing taxiways and
runways.
• Follow Procedures – Establish safe procedures for airport
operations. Then follow them.
• Right of Way - When giving way to aircraft, ensure
personnel and vehicles are outside of the Obstacle Free
Area (OFA)
Airport Construction
• Ensure that contractors are
briefed on airport surroundings.
• Keep construction areas well
guarded and lit.
• Establish haul routes away from
runways and taxiways. (If
possible)
• Ensure that NOTAMS are
current.
• Coordinate construction
activities with your air traffic
control tower.
• Advisory Circular 150-5370-2C
provides information.
Review
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Runways
White Markings
White or Amber lights
Hold Lines
Hold Signs
Taxiways
• Yellow Markings
• Blue Lights
• Movement Area Lines
LAL Airport Layout
LAL Non-Movement Areas
LAL Movement Areas
Conclusion
To ensure safe operations are conducted at
airports, it takes a cooperative effort
from all who are involved. This includes
pilots, controllers, airport operators,
vehicle operators, and contractors.
Together, we can make a difference to
reduce incidents and make runway
incursions, a thing of the past.
Acronyms
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ATC –
Air Traffic Control
FBO –
Fixed Based Operator
ILS –
Instrument Landing System
MLS –
Microwave Landing System
NAVAID – Navigational Aid
NOTAM – Notices to Airmen
SMGCS (Smigs) – Surface Movement Guidance and
Control System