Fascist Europe
Greater Romania
Greater Hungary
Greater Croatia
Greater Albania
Kosovo
Jasenovac,
Croatia
State response to minority:
Autonomy and Ethnic Federalism
Serbs, Croats, Slovenes
united kingdom after WWI;
Named “Yugoslavia”
(South Slavs), 1932
Communist Josip Broz Tito
revived it after WWII.
Croatian who promotes
“brotherhood & unity”
Croatia,
Slovenia
(Catholic)
Serbia,
Montenegro,
Macedonia
(Orthodox)
Bosnia
(Muslim)
Kosovo
(Muslim part
of Serbia)
Six republics of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991
Kosovo province of Serbia
Tito puts Albanian majority in charge;
Serbs have become minority but maintain historic claim
Yugoslavia in 1980s
Tito dies; replaced by
weak rotating leadership.
Economic crisis leads to
(multiethnic) worker strikes.
Republic leaders start to
use nationalist messages,
weaken Yugoslav identity
Models of ethnic harmony, 1984
Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
By 1992, both cities were torn by ethnic uprisings,
gang rule, and troops on the streets
T heories of ethnic hatred
It’s always there; politics
can keep a “lid” on it
It’s a tool
used for
political and economic
power
Communism collapses in
Eastern Europe, 1989
Croatian and Serbian leaders
stoke ethnic hatred after 1989
Conflict among similar peoples
(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)
Same race, spoken language
Different religion,
script, “ethnic” group
Intermarried, cooperated,
1950s-80s; at war 1990s
Muslim and Serb refugees
from Sarajevo, Bosnia
Why ethnic conflict?
Because difference
naturally cause
conflict?
But difference does
not always cause
conflict
Conflicts also erupt
between similar
peoples (Bosnia)
Ethnic conflict
as a tool to…
Mask economic hierarchy.
Divert majority citizens
from economic crisis.
Prevent poor of different
ethnic groups from uniting.
Yugoslav ethnic groups before break-up
Ethnic Serbs
and Croats
for irredentism
Bosnians,
Kosovars
for secession
Use of maps
as weapons
“Greater Serbia”
Slobodan Milosevic appeals for Serbian rights
at 600th anniversary of Kosovo battle, 1989
Backs ethnic territoriality in Croatia, Bosnia;
State territoriality in Kosovo
“Greater Croatia”
Pres. Franjo Tudjman
Tudjman’s Bosnia
partition plan
“Greater Albania”
Kosova Liberation Army (KLA)
Slovenia 1991
Former Yugoslavia Break-up
Croatia 1991
Bosnia 1992
Macedonia 1992
Serbia & Montenegro
1992
(Yugoslavia to 2003)
Kosovo 1999
(not official)
Secession of Slovenia, 1991
Alpine republic close to
Austria; no Serb minority.
Belgrade let go after short fight.
Soldiers’ mothers stepped in.
Secession of Croatia, 1991
Historic rival to Serbia
Close to Germany.
Used WWII symbols
Large Serb minorities in
Krajina and Eastern Slavonia.
Yugoslav Army attacks eastern Croatia cities
Much of Vukovar & Osijek
destroyed by Serbian shelling;
Croatian scorched earth
Secession of Bosnia, 1992
Muslims, Croats
did not want to stay
in Serb Yugoslavia
Serbs, Croats shared
historic hatred of Muslims
Gangs form militias;
looting, confiscations
response to economic crisis
Pre-war
Bosnia
Muslims 44%
Serbs 31%
Croats 17%
Other 8%
Three-way
fight
Western recognition of independence
Led by united Germany;
Premature without
guarantee for minority
(Serb) rights.
Krajina and Bosnian Serbs
see replay of WWII;
fight for Greater Serbia
Bosnian Serb snipers
besiege Sarajevo, 1992-95
Olympic Stadium
in Sarajevo
Mostar
(Bridge)
Ottoman bridge
separated
Croat and Muslim
neighborhoods;
Croatians blew
it up in 1993.
Ethnic cleansing
Forced removal of
an ethnic group
Croats expelled from
Vukovar (Croatia), 1992
To make area ethnically “pure”
Serbs expelled
from Krajina
(Croatia), 1995
Albanians
expelled
from Kosovo
(Serbia), 1999
Ethnic Cleansing
of Bosnian Muslims
Srebrenica massacre, 1995
Serbs kill up to 7,000 Muslims
Dutch UN
troops
powerless
Croatian ethnic cleansing of Serbs
from Krajina, 1995
U.S. aided Croatian offensive into Krajina (borderland) and
western Bosnia to defeat Serbs, but civilians expelled
Croatian ethnic cleansing of Serbs
from Krajina, 1995
Post-war
Bosnia
Separate
armies, currencies, etc.
Two governments
with contiguous territories
Central gov’t?
Refugee returns?
Nationalist parties?
Comparing
1991 and
1995
Dayton
Accord
Line
Dayton Accord
(de facto Partition), 1995
Federation of BosniaHercegovina
(Croat/Muslim)
Republika Srpska
(Serb Republic)
U.S. rubberstamps
ethnic cleansing?
Western troops
In Bosnia
Kosovo fighting, 1998-99
Between Serbia and Kosova Liberation Army (KLA);
2,000 killed
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999
Resentment even from anti-Milosevic Serbs
after civilian targets, opposition cities bombed
Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovar Albanians, 1999
Destroyed
Kosovo village
Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovar Albanians, 1999
Kosovo refugee crisis
NATO troops
in Kosovo
Serb pocket from
Mitrovica to north;
both sides want
ethnic partition
Camp
Camp
Bondsteel
Bondsteel
KLA ethnic cleansing of
non-Albanians after NATO arrives
Serbs, Roma, Turks, Jews etc. accused
Of siding with Milosevic, left in fear
Roma (Gypsies)
Non-territorial ethnic group traced to India;
5/7 million in Eastern Europe (poorest).
Victims of Holocaust and skinheads;
Cultures threatened by settlement, internal divisions
Macedonia
Crisis
Ex-KLA fighters for Greater Albania
in NW Macedonia, and in
Presevo Valley (Serbia), 2000-01.
Full-scale war headed off.
Serbians vote out, overthrow Milosevic, 2000
Milosevic on
trial in The
Hague for
war crimes.
Croatians also
vote out
nationalists.
End of Yugoslavia, 2003
New leader
critical of U.S. too.
Montenegro came near
independence;
Kosovo
de facto independent.
West wants no more wars.
New co-equal name:
Serbia and Montenegro