Image of Surface pigment showing coherent features throughout the Globe
Due to:
LOW
Ferrel Cell
- Heat flux from
equator to polar
regions
HORSE LATITUDES
- Coriolis effects on
winds
DOLDRUMS
LOW
HORSE LATITUDES
Ferrel Cell
LOW
From: Pinet, P.: Invitation to Oceanography(2003)
From: Pinet, P.: Invitation to Oceanography(2003)
Surface Currents Resulting from Wind Drag
From: Pinet, P.: Invitation to Oceanography(2003)
From Schmitz (1995)
1.
Subtropical Convergence
(Subtropical Front)
Subantarctic Front
Polar Front
From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart
Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an
Introduction 2nd edn (2003)
NE MONSOON (Winter)
2.
SW MONSOON (Summer)
Bay of Bengal
East
Arabian
C.
East
Indian
C.
weak
seasonal
variability
From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003),
3.
From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)
4.
From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart
Godfrey: Regional Oceanography:
an Introduction 2nd edn (2003),
(AAIW)
5
From: Tomczak, Matthias & J Stuart Godfrey: Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2nd edn (2003)
6. ICE AROUND ANTARCTICA
February
September
7. ARCTIC OCEAN SURFACE CIRCULATION
Main surface inflows into Arctic
Transpolar drift is the dominant current
8. ICE COVER IN THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTICA
Sea Ice cover website
9. Heating and Cooling Processes
64 emitted by
clouds, water vapor and
CO2
(long-wave radiation)
To Space
100
6 to space
19
30 reflected from clouds,
by water and land, and
backscattered by air
(shortwave radiation)
Absorbed by
Atmosphere
51
15
23 Evaporation
51 absorbed
in ocean
21 long-wave
7 Sensible
radiation
10. Annual mean net heat flux
From Kallberg et al 2005ERA-40 atlas. ERA-40 Project Report Series No. 19.
© 2005 Robert H. Stewart
11.
mm/yr
12.
13.
El NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION - ENSO
Weakening of trade
winds related to
atmospheric
pressure difference
between western
and eastern Pacific
How can we predict it?
How often does it occur?
Periodicity: 2-10 years