Electric Vehicles:
Assets on the Grid
Modern Engineering & Technology Seminar
Taipei, Taiwan
Nov 11-14, 2012
Plug-in Vehicles
Vehicle Electrification
• Reduce tailpipe pollution
• Reduce CO2 emissions
• Reduce petroleum dependence
Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010 U.S. data
Electrification Technology
petrol savings
liters/year
battery size
kWh
charge power
kW
electric assist
329
~1
none
hybrid
736
1 to 3
none
plug-in hybrid
1,024
8 to 16
3 to 6
electric only
1,600
20 to 50+
6 to 18
Fleet Electrification
Projection
Electrified Vehicles - US Market Share
90%
plug-in
hybrid
60%
plug-in + hybrid
US mkt share
30%
1.0 mil PEV sales
0%
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
Where are we today?
• By 2014 most OEMs will be selling EVs
• People who drive them like them
• Fleets want them
• Costs are coming down
• EV market ready for growth
Early Adopter Clusters
• Demographics
• State or municipal incentives
• Climate
• Geography
• Transit alternatives
In near term, EV market share of 1%
nationally may be as high as 10% or
15% locally.
Sooner Rather than Later…
• EVs may burden the grid with new concentrated
loads that overlap with peak demand
• Or they may provide versatile, flexible,
distributed, low-cost energy storage and
dispatchable power
• The outcome will depend on how automakers,
generators, battery suppliers, utilities,
regulators, customers, and innovators meet the
challenge of integrating EVs and the power grid.
Need for Vehicle-Grid Integration
EV Grid Mission Statement:
To synergize EVs and the grid
using innovative systems for
communication and control.
Battery Systems
Battery Cells – The Elements
Li Ion 18650 cell
Li Ion pouch cell
Battery Monitoring - Key Technology
Battery Management
• monitor each cell
• voltage
• temperature
• control charge
• control discharge
• maintain balance
• record use data
Battery Modules – The Building Blocks
•Cells in series and
parallel
•Battery monitors
•Provisions for
mounting,
interconnection,
thermal control
•Unit of assembly and
repair
Battery Pack – Electricity on Wheels
Li Ion pack for vehicles


1 vehicle:
-
30 kWh
-
17 kW chg/dischg
1000 vehicles:
-
30 MWh
-
17 MW chg/dischg
EV Integration
With the Grid
Renewable Energy for EVs
Buffered Renewables on Grid
Battery Storage Distributed on Grid
Bi-Directional Charger
2-way charger allows
power flow from
vehicle to grid
Battery Storage Distributed in EVs: V2G
100 EVs = 1 MW
The Grid - Sept 2012
baseload generation +
load-following generation
available
actual
CAISO Power
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
The Grid - Sept 2022
RPS => 33% renewables
CAISO Power
available
actual
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
The Grid - Sept 2022, Net Demand
load-following: more
variation, steeper slopes
available
actual
CAISO Power
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
The Grid - Sept 2022 + 1 mil EVs
load-following: worse with
uncontrolled EVs
available
actual
CAISO Power
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs
load-following: impossible
with uncontrolled EVs
available
actual
CAISO Power
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs + V2G
load-following: normalized
with integrated EVs
available
actual
CAISO Power
net demand
wind
solar
EV charging
50,000
40,000
30,000
MW 20,000
10,000
0
-10,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
midnight to midnight
Vehicle-Grid Integration
Today
Consensus: Battery On Grid Has Value
Three concepts for battery on grid:
• Dedicated stationary battery for grid support
• Sequential use of EV batteries (1st use car, 2nd use grid)
• Concurrent use of EV batteries (vehicle-to-grid or V2G)
Each can provide equivalent value to grid at similar scale
All require proof of concept:
• Aggregation and control
• Fixed costs
• Operating economics
V2G: A Maturing Concept
1995 Amory Lovins proposes baseload grid power from FCEVs
1997 Kempton (University of Delaware) and Letendre first paper on vehicle-to-grid
2001 AC Propulsion first test bi-directional AC150 Gen 2
2001 DaimlerChrysler - “We can use the energy unit in this car for homes.”
2001 EPRI: “The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home”
2002 General Motors – Grid connection for fuel cell cars
2002 AC Propulsion demo of grid regulation by EV
2003 AC Propulsion demo of grid-tied and stand-alone power from PHEV
2004 SCE, Austin Energy discuss a 2nd generation of connected cars with V2G
2005 Seattle Electric Vehicle to Grid Forum
2006 GM, Delmarva, UDel, AC Propulsion discuss future of V2G
2007 PHI, UDel demonstrate live grid regulation with eBox at FERC, Washington DC
2008 eBox does V2G at Plug-In 2008 Conference – (July, 2008, San Jose, CA)
2009 fleet of 5 eBoxes operates in revenue generating V2G mode in PJM grid
2010 development of SAE J1772 compliant, V2G-capable EVSE
2011 NRG and UDel launch eV2g
2013 Grid on Wheels: 300 kW V2G fleet in Delaware
V2G – Extracting Value from Batteries
•
Battery value is based on
–
–
•
Availability
kWh throughput
With V2G, battery generates two value streams
1.
Transportation
– Range
– Readiness
2.
Grid support
- Readiness
- Response
Battery Sharing Reduces Cost
With V2G, battery generates two value streams
Transportation
• Driver pays for use of battery for driving
Grid support
• Utilities pay for ancillary services
• Generators pay for buffering PV and wind
• Loads pay for peak shaving
Battery Dominates Comparative Cost
EV
ICEV
EV cost
vehicle without
power system
body, chassis, interior,
body, chassis, interior,
safety systems, electronics safety systems, electronics
same
power system
engine, transmission,
motor, inverter, controller,
controller, intake and
gearbox, charger, battery
exhaust systems, emission
management system
controls
somewhat
less
energy cost
energy storage
3 to 8 cents per mile
8 to 25 cents per mile
much less
battery cells, battery
assembly, enclosure,
interconnects, controller
fuel tank, fuel delivery,
evap controls
much much
more
Battery cost reduction to EV operator
creates competitive advantage
V2G Value Capture Depends on Systems
Aggregation
• Thousands of cars
• One entity to grid
Communication and control
• Grid to aggregator to car
• Car to aggregator and car to driver
• Actions and transactions
Infrastructure
• EVSE (car to grid connection)
• ISO/RTO markets
• Local entities – codes, tariffs and regulations
Vehicles Aggregted for Grid Support
Grid Operator
Power
Command
Financial benefit to driver
$
$
Aggregator
Vehicle
Status
Internet
Driver
Preferences
Power
Response
Grid Regulation Ancillary Service
regulation
regulation
drive
regulation
drive
Regulation Does Not Drain Battery
Battery
SOC %
EV provides
regulation even
while charging
Battery
Power kW
regulation
regulation
drive
regulation
drive
University of Delaware
Prof. Willett Kempton’s pioneering
work in V2G makes UDel the
nexus of the Grid on Wheels
Project - a business/academic
collaboration
PJM Grid Territiory
Grid on Wheels will participate
in PJM’s hour-ahead reg-up
and reg-down markets.
PJM:
• 164,000 MW peak
• 60 mil population
• 214,000 sq mi
NRG Energy
NRG will provide aggregation
services, bundling,
scheduling, bidding, and
fulfilling up to 300 kW of
regulation based on available
EVs in the Grid on Wheels
program.
NRG:
• 25 MW generation
• eVGo charging networks
• eV2g EV aggregation services
9/26/11
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
NRG Energy, University of Delaware
Announce eV2g Initiative to Develop
Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Technology
- Harnessing electric vehicles as
energy storage offsets electricity costs,
promotes grid stability-
Electric Cars
EV Grid will supply 30 MINI Es
modifed for V2G and J1772, to
operate in fleet service and provide
grid regulation as part of Grid on
Wheels.
Electric Trucks
EV Grid will supply all-electric eVans
produced by AutoPort Inc. in Delaware.
These EVs will operate in commercial
fleets in the PJM territory and participate in
Grid on Wheels.
300 kW V2G Demo
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vehicles in fleets
Chargers and battery systems
Communications and control
Aggregation
Grid Regulation
Ancillary services markets
Infrastructure
Fleet management