Metro Today, Main Line Tomorrow
Malcolm Dobell, Head of Train Systems
Kate Whelan, Lead Systems Performance Engineer SUP ATC
Agenda
• Background
• Simple line challenges – Victoria Line
• Complex line challenges – Sub Surface Lines
• Application to the main line
• Conclusions
2
3
Introduction
• In 1863, the first steam train operated on what
became the Metropolitan Line.
• It carried 30000 people in its first year
• By 2011/121 some 1.173Bn journeys were made
• Passenger numbers are forecast to increase
• LU needs to be able to carry them
1 latest
whole year data
4
5
General Principles for Metro Operation
• To deliver capacity:
– High acceleration and braking rates
• 1.3m/s2 and 1.15m/s2 respectively
– Short, consistent dwell times
• Lots of wide doors that open and close quickly
• Attention to train despatch
– Small train spacing
• Lots of signals or moving block signalling
– Manage to the second
– ATO
6
General Principles for Metro Operation
• For reduced journey time
– Higher top speed
• But can harm headways
– Even higher acceleration and braking rates
– Fewer station stops
– Manage ALL causes of “time consumption” and
variability
• Door times
• Tracking package response
• Signalling/ATO response times
• Dwell times
• Points speeds
7
The Scale of the Challenge
• More and more demand
• More and more
pressure to run 24/7
– Later nights on Friday
and Saturday from 2015?
• More and more reliable
• Less cost
• Happier customers
• Lower carbon
8
Case Study - A “simple” line
Victoria Line
• Walthamstow Central to
Brixton
• 21km (13.3 miles)
• Serves 16 stations, 33
platforms
• Services operated:
– Brixton – Walthamstow
– Brixton – Seven Sisters
• Opened 1969
• Upgrade completed 2012
9
General duty
• 65 mins approx round trip
• Average inter station distance 1.8 km (0.67 km to
3.15 km)
• Dwell time 30 sec to 50 sec
• Min headway 109 sec
• Peak acceleration 1.3 m/s2 braking 1.15 m/s2
• Top speed 80 km/h
10
Line Characteristics
• Old
• New
• 43 trains
•
• Passenger numbers:
• Passenger numbers:
47 trains
– 2011/12 - 200,000/day
– 2002/3 - 160,000/day
• Train service
• Train service
– Jan 2013 - 33 trains per
hour
– 2002/3 - 27 trains per
hour
• Signalling system
• Signalling system
– Distance to Go Radio
– >400 track circuits
– fixed block ATO
• 37 trains in service
• 39 trains in service
11
Full speed
overlap
Victoria Line
Speed issues
over points
Walthamstow Central
Only small
speed reduction
over points
2 stations
Seven Sisters
11 stations
Brixton
12
The Challenges
• 33 Trains per hour = 109 seconds between trains
• Brixton
– Train “N” arrives in platform 1
– Train “N+2” will arrive in platform 1 in 218 seconds
– Before then train “N” must;
•
•
•
•
Unload its customers
Driver to shut down at South end
Different driver open up at North end
Train sets off north and clears the points
13
Animation
14
Current Challenges
• Provide a robust and reliable 33tph service,
– Sufficient recovery to manage minor perturbations.
• Manage our carbon footprint
– keep the tunnels cool whilst
– increasing the number of trains to meet passenger
demands.
• Reversing at Seven Sisters
– ramp up to the Peak timetable
– integrate with trains from Walthamstow
• Dwells
– Some dwells – Victoria, Oxford Circus, Kings Cross can
exceed 60 seconds
– No good squeezing dwell only to find that the customers
can’t get on or, worse, get off!
15
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 Walthmstow Central
1.45 Blackhorse Road
1.37 Tottenham Hale
1.05 Seven Sisters
3.15 Finsbury Park
1.93 Highbury and Islington
2.45 Kings Cross
0.74 Euston
0.76 Warren St
0.9 Oxford Circus
1.14 Green Park
1.09 Victoria
1.19 Pimlico
0.8 Vauxhall
1.77 Stockwell
1.46 Brixton
16
Next Steps
Victoria Line
• We have 47 trains
• We could put 4 more trains into service
• This could deliver 35 TPH or 36 TPH – up to 100
second headway
• How can we cut 18 seconds off the terminus
time??
• That is just one of the challenges!
17
Case Study – Sub-Surface Lines
Chesham
Chalfont
& Latimer
Watford
Croxley
Amersham
Chorleywood
Rickmansworth
Moor Park
Northwood
Northwood Hills
Hillingdon
Ruislip
Ruislip Manor
Uxbridge
Ickenham
Eastcote
Pinner
North Harrow
Harrowon-the-Hill
Rayner’s Lane
West Harrow
Preston
Road
Northwick
Park
Wembley
Park
Upminster
Upminster
Bridge
Dagenham
East
Hornchurch
Elm Park
Finchley Road
Dagenham
Heathway
Baker
Street
Edgware
Road
Paddington
Upney
Great
Portland
Street
King’s Cross
St. Pancras
Barking
Royal Oak
Farringdon
Westbourne Park
East Ham
Barbican
Euston
Square
Paddington
Moorgate
Liverpool
Street
Upton Park
Mile End
Ladbroke Grove
Plaistow
Bayswater
Latimer Road
Bow
Road
Notting
Hill Gate
Stepney Green
Ealing
Broadway
Aldgate
East
Aldgate
High Street
Kensington
Mansion
House
Acton
Town
Chiswick
Park
Hammersmith
Turnham
Green
Stamford
Brook
Ravenscourt
Park
West
Kensington
Fulham Broadway
Parsons Green
Kew Gardens
Gloucester
Road
Barons
Court
West Brompton
Gunnersbury
Monument
Kensington
(Olympia)
Goldhawk Road
Putney Bridge
East Putney
Richmond
Southfields
Wimbledon Park
Wimbledon
18
Cannon Street
Shepherd’s
Bush
Ealing Common
Sloane
Square
Blackfriars
St. James’s
Park
Temple
Earl’s
Court
South
Kensington
Victoria
Westminster
Embankment
Tower
Hill
Whitechapel
Bromley-byBow
West Ham
Beacontree
The Sub-Surface Lines
•4 lines: Metropolitan; District; Hammersmith & City; Circle
•113 stations
•310 track km (40km in tunnel)
•279 passenger trains, 55 engineering trains
•4 maintenance depots & 10 train stabling locations
19
The Complexities
• Mixed train length
• Piccadilly Line Interoperability
• National Rail Interoperability: Chilterns; South West
Trains
• Multiple flat junctions (5 complex junctions)
• Inter-meshing services for timetables
20
What will it look like.......?
21
High Level Requirements
• 32TPH
• Meet increasing demand
• Reduce overcrowding
• Reduce passenger journey
time
• Increase through-put
capacity
• Increase service reliability
22
Scope – Whole Systems Upgrade
• New trains
• New signalling system:
Cityflo 650 CBTC system
• ATO/ATP
• Automatic Train Regulation
• Track Upgrades:
– Layouts
– MSS improvements
• Power Upgrades
• New centralised Service
Control Centre
23
Status
• Trains
• ATC
-
delivered
final piece of jigsaw
Unlocks 80% of capacity
SSR Upgrade: % increase in peak capacity
(base: Dec 2008)
70%
New Signalling
65%
Increase in capacity per Line
60%
50%
40%
New Trains
30%
27%
24%
20%
10%
0%
2008 2009 2010
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Metropolitan Line
24
Circle & Hammersmith Line
District Line
System Performance Engineering
Progressively verify and validate design/ proposal against requirements
Business
Requirements
Engineering
Requirements
Projects
Projects
Projects
Projects
Performance
Integration
System
Capability
(Optimisation)
Operational
Requirements
Specification
25
Verification
Validation
Train Service
(Timetable)
Modelling and Simulation
• Use of the Railway
Engineering Simulator
(RES)
• Ensuring
Requirements are
correct
• Optioneering
• Assurance
26
Example – Baker Street
• Flat junction
(Metropolitan, Circle,
and Hammersmith &
City Lines)
• S7 and S8 Stock
operating
• 32TPH on Circle and
H&C; 28TPH
Metropolitan service
• Need to optimise the
layout to deliver
required service
27
RES Demonstration
28
The Systems Approach
29
The Future
• Need innovative solutions to further increase
capacity
• Train configuration – UCL PAMELA
• Mock up of train carriage created to run a
series of controlled experiments utilising 110
volunteers from the public
• Set up to help to inform future
train systems design, looking at:
• Door Widths
• Vestibule Setbacks
• Internal Train Layout
30
Implications for Main Line railways
31
Challenges
• Higher speeds
– Greater separation
– <300m at 50km/h, compared with >2000m at 160km/h
• Mixed traffic
– Varieties of traction and rolling stock performance
– Variety of stopping pattern
• ALL gobble up capacity
• 12 TPH is doing well!
32
Half an hour on the Victoria Line
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 Walthmstow Central
1.45 Blackhorse Road
1.37 Tottenham Hale
1.05 Seven Sisters
3.15 Finsbury Park
1.93 Highbury and Islington
2.45 Kings Cross
0.74 Euston
0.76 Warren St
0.9 Oxford Circus
1.14 Green Park
1.09 Victoria
1.19 Pimlico
0.8 Vauxhall
1.77 Stockwell
1.46 Brixton
33
An hour on a Main Line
16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
0 London Euston
*
£
$ &
8 Wembley Central .
11.5 Harrow & Wealdstone
16 Bushey
17.5 Watford Junction
>
?
23 Apsley.
28 Berkhamsted . .
31.5 Tring
T
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21 Kings Langley.
24.5 Hemel Hempstead. . ..
W
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46.75 Bletchley .
!
49.75 Milton Keynes Central
&
34
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36 Cheddington.
40.25 Leighton Buzzard.
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?
£
!
B
>
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>
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Another hour on a Main Line
16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
0 London Euston
*
8 Wembley Central .
11.5 Harrow & Wealdstone
16 Bushey
17.5 Watford Junction
21 Kings Langley.
23 Apsley.
24.5 Hemel Hempstead. . ..
28 Berkhamsted . .
31.5 Tring
36 Cheddington.
40.25 Leighton Buzzard.
46.75 Bletchley .
49.75 Milton Keynes Central
35
Opportunities
• Passing places
• Consistent traction and rolling stock
• Consistent stopping patterns
• Attention to dwell time
• Flying junctions
36
Conclusions
• Most lines can have an increase in capacity
• It requires attention to every aspect of operation
(just like any production line)
• Mixed traffic “eats” capacity
• With increasing demand for capacity, metro
principles will be increasingly applied to the main
line.
• Modelling at engineering level is vital
37
The end
Thank you for your interest