Tourism Revision
-We will revise the main points in the Tourism Topic
-We will know how to use questions as part of our
revision
Knowledge Check List
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Reasons for global increase in tourism
Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development
Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world
Contribution of tourism to the UK economy
Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK
Tourist area/ resort life cycle model
The meaning of mass tourism
The positives and negatives of mass tourism
Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it
The attraction of extreme environments
The impact of tourism on extreme environments
The need for stewardship and conservation
How tourism can help sustainable development
Growth in Tourism
Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1)
Why are some areas getting
more popular?
1)
2)
2)
3)
4)
3)
Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1) More disposable income
around the globe
2) More paid holiday / holiday
entitlement
3) Travel is cheaper /
Technology is better
4) Holiday Providers and range
of holiday destinations up
5) Media / TV
Why are some areas getting
more popular?
1) Improvement in transport
2) Better marketing
3) Improved infrastructure
What’s the attraction?
Type
Coast/
City/
Mountains
Attractions
Examples
What’s the attraction?
Type
CITY
Coast/
City/
Mountains
MOUTAINS
COSTAL
Attractions CULTURE
ENTERTAINMENT
SHOPPING
SCENERY
WALKING
CLIMBING
SKIING
SNOW BOARDING
SWIMMING
SNORKELLING
FISHING
WATER SPORTS
SEA SIDE RESORTS
Examples
ALPS, ROCKIES
CARRIBEAN
THAILAND
LONDON, NEW YORK,
PARIS, ROME
Theory- Importance of Tourism
• Creates jobs for local people which helps the
economy grow
• Increase the income of businesses that supply
tourism
• Important to rich and poor countries in
bringing in money and jobs
• Poorer countries are more dependent on
tourism (UK 3% of GNP Vs 15% of Kenya)
Questions...
Give two reasons why tourism is an important economic activity (2 marks).
__________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Contrast the economic importance of tourism in rich and poor countries (2 marks).
__________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Countryside and
Historic
Landmarks
Churches, Cathedrals & Castles
UK
Tourism
£114 billion into UK economy
& 1.4 million jobs
Half of visitors to UK go
to London
Explain why the UK is a popular tourist
destination. (4 marks)
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Key Ideas:
-Transport links & infrastructure
-Attractions
-Marketing
Explain the factors that lead to
increasing and decreasing tourism in
the UK
• Cheap package flights to the Mediterranean since
1970 allowed UK working classes the chance of
guaranteed hot sunny weather.
• Higher expectations by the paying public.
• Traditional bucket and spade holidays lose their
fashionable appeal.
• Longer holidays allow fortnight bookings,
encouraging overseas holidays.
• Lack of investment from local authorities causes the
infrastructure to become run-down eg flaky
paintwork and graffiti – discouraging future visits.
Annotate the Butler Life Cycle Model
Time
Key Ideas:
Exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, rejuvenation, decline
UK Case Study: Blackpool
Stages:
• 1860s – seaside becomes fashionable for the affluent/wealthy as
railways make coastal resorts accessible.
• 1890s – Day trippers include factory workers helped with bank
holiday excursion trains.
• 1920s – One week factory holidays increases the tourists/staying
visitors.
• 1950s – increased paid holidays with a post-war economic boom.
• 1970s – decline due mainly to overseas package tours.
• 1980s – resort either:- declines eg Herne bay;
- rejuvenates itself eg Blackpool
- Uncovers niche market eg oyster festival at Whitstable
UK Case Study: Blackpool
To counter the Mediterranean competition Blackpool now:• Offers wet weather facilities such as indoor swimming pools,
• Extended the ‘illuminations’ season through until November,
• Diversified with year round activities such as Business
Conferences,
• Built a range of night clubs to successfully tap into the ‘stagdo-hen-party’ market,
• Expanded the range of rides such as the rollercoaster.
UK Case Study: Blackpool
• Voted UK’s favourite seaside resort
• Winter Illuminations ‘breathtaking’
• 1.3 million visitors at least per year
• 19,000 tourist related jobs
NB Football team gaining promotion into the
Premier League helps.
Mass Tourism
• Definition: refers to the act of large numbers of people
staying in the same place such as the Spanish Costas in
the 1970s and 80s.
Mass Tourism
“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large
numbers of people.”
Positives
Economic
Impacts
Social Impacts
Environmental
Impacts
Negatives
Mass Tourism
“Mass tourism is organised tourism for large
numbers of people.”
Positives
Negatives
Economic
Impacts
•Bring money to local economy
•Creates jobs for locals
•Boost local economy supplying
tourism
•A lot of the profit is kept by the large
travel companies
Social Impacts
•More jobs= young people stay in
area
•Improved roads, communications
and infrastructure
•Tourism income can be invested
into community projects
•Tourism jobs available to locals badly
paid and seasonal
•Traffic congestion & inconvenience
•Behaviour of some tourists
Environmental
Impacts
•Income from tourism can be
reinvested in protecting
environment
•Transportation releases green house
gas
•Increased litter and pollution
•Destruction of local wild life e.g. Boats
damage coral
Increasing Tourism and Reducing the Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:
Maintaining Tourism
1.
B
R
2.
3.
A
C
I
O
Increasing Tourism and Reducing the Impact
Ways to reduce negative
impacts:
1. Improve public transport
less congestion & pollution
2. Limit numbers to sensitive
sites
Maintaining Tourism
Build new facitlites
Reduce impacts that make
tourism less effective
Advetise and market
Cheaper to visit
3. Provide bins for litter
Improve transport infrastructure
Offer new activites
Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)
Attractions
Extreme Tourism
Reasons for
Increasing
Damage to the
Environment
Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment)
Footpath
erosion
Different & exciting
Adventure holidays
Risk
Attractions
Scenery
Water
pollution
- Sewage
Deforestation
destroys
habitats
Wildlife
Extreme Tourism
Reasons for
Increasing
Improved
transport
Adverts & TV
programmes
More
disposable
income
Last chance to see
Trees cut
down for
fuel
Damage to the
Environment
Deforestation
leads to
flooding
Less roots leads to soil
erosion
Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case
Study - Antartica
Why?
scenery, wildlife, activities like cruises, kayaking, climbing, helicopter rides.
Why has it increased in popularity?
more thrill seekers, more activities, more accessible, appeals to tourists, ship
sizes increased. 9000 tourists in 1992 has grown to 37000 in 2006 and 46000 in
2008 and the numbers are expected to double over the next 10 years. 100+
companies offer extreme holidays to Antartica.
Impacts: sea pollution, littering, fragile resources.
Sustainability: supervision of tourists means; no littering, no contact with
animals, no walking on lichens, no trespassing, permit must be gained for
activities.
can be more sustainable by increasing the amount of people per boat and
increasing the amount of supervisors.
Extreme Tourism (Holiday to Extreme Environment): Case
Study - Antartica
Glacial landscapes , wildlife
– seals whales and
penguins
6700 in 1992
45,000 in 2009
Why go?
Visitor Numbers
Cruise
Ships
1000-5000 researchers a year
Case Study:
Damage –
natural causes
Over-flights
Tourism in
Antartica/Southern ocean
Code of
conduct
Naturalist, photographers,
journalists
Sustainable
management
No litter
Antarctic
tourism shows
environmental
concern
Scott Polar
research
Camping
Over flying
causing stress
Tern
colonies
suffer
disturbances
Impacts
Foot prints
remain for a
long time
Ecotourism
viewing
small
benefits
environment
protecting
conserving
harm
local
responsibility
Tourism that does not __________ the environment and
__________ the __________ people
Involves:
Conservation: __________ & managing __________
Stewardship: Taking __________ for __________
environment
Should involve local people & local organisations
Normally __________ scale with a small number of tourists
Activities often involve wildlife __________ and walking
Ecotourism
• Tourism that does not harm the environment and
benefits the local people
• Involves:
– Conservation protecting & managing
environment
– Stewardship Taking responsibility for conserving
environment
• Should involve local people & local organisations
• Normally small scale with a small number of tourists
• Activities often involve wildlife viewing and walking
Environmental Benefits
Economic Benefits
Benefits for local people
Sustainable Development
Environmental Benefits
Economic Benefits
-Local people encouraged to conserve the
environment
-Reduces poaching and hunting
-Reduce the use of fossil fuel
-Waste is carefully disposed of
-Creates jobs for local people
-Additional local employment
Benefits for local people
Sustainable Development
-Locals have better more stable income
-Many schemes have a community projects
fund
-Improve quality of life but doesn’t stop the
future getting that they need
-Aids local development
-Development without damage to the
environment
Review...
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Reasons for global increase in tourism
Potential of cities, mountains and coasts for tourism development
Economic importance of tourism to contrasting parts of the world
Contribution of tourism to the UK economy
Impact of external factors on visitor numbers to the UK
Tourist area/ resort life cycle model
The meaning of mass tourism
The positives and negatives of mass tourism
Strategies for maintaining tourism and reducing the impacts of it
The attraction of extreme environments
The impact of tourism on extreme environments
The need for stewardship and conservation
How tourism can help sustainable development