GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION
REVISION GUIDE
Reasons for taking part in activity
Benefit
Weight loss / improved
body shape / look good
How achieved
Burning off calories through
increased level of work
Provide a physical
challenge
Might not do anything
physically normally, gives a
chance to do so.
Improved health
Reduced blood pressure /
cholesterol / equiv
Reasons for taking part in activity
Social mixing
Will meet others
Develop co-operation skills
Play with others / equiv.
Fun / enjoyment
Interacting with others and
enjoys the sport
Improved confidence
Improved physical shape
increases self image / being
good at something / make
friends
Relives stress / tension
Takes mind off other things
& opportunity to relax
Health, fitness and exercise
performance
Health is:
“a state of complete mental, physical and social
well being, and not merely an absence of
disease or infirmity”
 Can be accomplished by: immunisation,
balanced diet, exercise, social interaction.
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Health, fitness and exercise
performance
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Fitness is:
“The ability to meet the demands of the
environment”.
E.G. how well you can cope with the demands
of running a marathon or playing a full game of
netball.
Health, fitness and exercise
performance
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Performance is:
“how well a task is completed”
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Exercise is:
“a form of physical activity done primarily to
improve ones health and physical fitness”.
Health, fitness and exercise
performance
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Cardiovascular fitness is:
“the ability to exercise the entire body for long periods
of time”
It is concerned with the healthy working of the heart,
blood and blood vessels.
Helps us to lead an active lifestyle.
Why? Allows us to perform/train for longer
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How to improve: running etc 60-80% MHR
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Health, fitness and exercise
performance
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Muscular strength is:
“The amount of force a muscle can exert against a
resistance”
Very important in sports requiring the exertion of great force
e.g. weight lifting, sprinting, shot putt.
How to improve – weight training/resistance training.
Muscular endurance is:
“The ability to use voluntary muscles many times without
getting tired”
Very important in sports requiring stamina such as; long
distance running, triathlons or football.
How to improve – circuit training
Health, fitness and exercise
performance
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Flexibility is:
“The range of movement possible at a joint”
Very important in activities using stretching movements
such as gymnastics. Also helps reduce risk of injury.
How to improve – static, dynamic, PNF
Body composition is:
“The percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle and
bone”
Important as body composition may influence how well
suited you are to a particular sport.
E.g jockey benefits from being light/rugby player from being
heavy.
Skill related fitness
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Agility is:
“the ability to change the position of the body
quickly and to control the movement of the
whole body”
Gymnastic floorwork and back somersaults are
good examples of activities for which agility is a
priority.
Games players will use it to beat an opponent
Skill related fitness
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Balance is:
“the ability to retain the centre of mass (gravity)
of the body above the base of support with
reference to static – stationary – or dynamic
changing conditions of movement, shape and
orientation”
E.g handstand (static), dribbling in football
(dynamic balance)
Skill related fitness
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Co-ordination is:
“the ability to use two or more body parts together”
Different sports require different types of co-ordination
e.g.racket sports require good hand – eye coordination
Foot – eye co-ordination will be required when striking
a ball in a football match.
Skill related fitness
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Power is:
“the ability to do strength performances quickly.
Power = Strength x Speed
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Throwers need to be powerful but strength alone is not
enough they need speed in their throwing action to
generate power. A 100m sprinter will also require
power to get out of the blocks quickly.
Skill related fitness
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Reaction Time is:
“The time between the presentation of a
stimulus and the onset of a movement”
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E.g. reacting to the starters gun in the 100m or
to a shuttle which has been smashed into your
half of the court.
Skill related fitness
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Speed is:
“the differential rate an individual is able to
perform a movement or cover a distance in a
short period of time”
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Speed is an essential ingredient in most sports
E.g. leg speed for a 100m sprinter or speed of
limbs and thought for a boxer.
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Diet, Health and Hygiene
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7 requirements of a healthy
diet
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fibre
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Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Carbohydrates
Maintain our bodies energy stores
Two types of carbohydrates = starch + sugars
Bread, pasta, rice and potatoes are good sources of
starches.
It is carbohydrates which provide use with most of our
energy when taking part in sport
Endurance athletes will need to consume large
amounts of carbohydrates in order to keep their energy
levels high
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Protein
Protein is essential for the growth of muscle
and the repair of damaged tissue
Foods rich in protein include, poultry, fish, milk,
cheese, eggs, lentils and beans.
Weight lifters, sprinters and other sportsmen
and women requiring large muscle mass will
need high protein diets
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Fats
Fat is important because it provides energy
and helps other things work such as fat soluble
vitamins.
Energy provided from fats should be
considerably less than from carbohydrates
Foods rich in fats include, butter, cream, oils
etc.
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Vitamins
We only require vitamins in small quantities
Important for: good vision, good skin, red blood
cell formation, healing, healthy bones + teeth.
Sources of vitamins include:
Vitamin A – milk, cheese, carrots
Vitamin B – whole grains and nuts
Vitamin C – Found in fruits
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Minerals
Are used by our bodies for a variety of
functions.
Calcium: formation and maintenance of bone
and teeth (milk, cheese and cereals)
Iron: Important for bloods ability to carry
oxygen (iron is found in a range of foods most
easily absorbed is in meat)
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Water
Transports, nutrients, waste, hormones
It is the main component of many cells
Helps regulate body temperature
Boxers and marathon runners need liquid
during their exertion in order to offset
dehydration
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Fibre
It is vital in the functioning of the digestive
system
Good sources of fibre include, wholegrain
breads and cereals, oats, fruits and vegetables
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Overweight - having weight in excess of
normal. Not harmful unless accompanied
by overfatness
Overfat – having too much body
composition as fat
Obese –describes people who are very
overfat
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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A persons diet will often be affected by the sport for
which they are training.
I.e. a marathon runner or decathlete will have to
consume large amounts of carbohydrates in order to
maintain energy levels
A weight lifter or heavy-weight boxer will need a diet
containing large amounts of protein to maintain and
build muscle mass.
Whilst a Jockey may need to monitor his diet closely to
avoid putting on weight.
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Under eating will result in a loss of body weight
and may have a negative effect on
performance as the athlete may have low
energy levels, or lack of muscle mass
Overeating will increase body weight and may
make you less agile, flexible and reduced
endurance
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Somatotypes (body build/physique)
Measurements taken from height, weight, bone
size, muscle girth and fat
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Certain body types are particularly suited to
different sports!
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Endomorph
Characteristics: Fatness,
round body shape, large
build.
Effect on sport: often not
suited to endurance
events, most commonly
found in events requiring
large body mass and
strength, such as sumo.
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Mesomorph
Characteristics: muscular,
broad shoulders, triangular
body shape
Effect on sport: Most
sportsmen are mesomrophs
as most sports require
strength and power.
Strongmen and sprinters are
good examples.
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Ectomorph
Characteristics: Thin,
lean, low body fat levels
Effect on sport: often
found competing in
endurance events such
as the marathon and
sports requiring a light
body such as jockey
Diet, Health and Hygiene
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Smoking – Damages heart and lungs and raises blood
pressure, increased risk of cancer, heart disease
Reduces bodies ability to carry oxygen so performers
suffer from fatigue and loss of breath more easily.
Alcohol – Can cause damage to the liver and brain
cells and increase likelihood of dehydration
It may affect performance by impairing judgments,
slowing reaction times and causing dehydration, it is
commonly used as a sedative in sports such as
archery to improve performance.
Principles of training (Sport)
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Specificity is:
“doing specific types of activity or exercise to
build specific body parts”
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E.g The training you do must be specific to the
area you are trying to improve or the sport you
play
Principles of training (sPort)
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Progression is:
“starting slowly and gradually increasing the
amount of exercise done”
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E.g. training more often or training at a higher
level
Principles of training (spOrt)
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Overload :
“Fitness can only be improved through training
more than you normally do”
Principles of training (spoRt)
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Reversibility:
“any adaptation that takes place as a
consequence of training will be reversed when
you stop training”
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If you stop training or train less effectively you
will begin to lose fitness
Principles of training (sporT)
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Tedium or boredom
FITT Principle
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F – Frequency
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How many times per week you need to train in
order to improve fitness.
3 times per week is normally recommended
However, If you are training for a marathon or
playing professional sport you will need to
increase the frequency
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FITT Principle
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I - Intensity
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How hard you train
The intensity you train at must be sufficient to
increase fitness.
E.g cardio vascular fitness requires you to train
at an intensity that will take your pulse into the
target range
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FITT Principle
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T – Time
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How long each session must be in order to be of any
benefit and to achieve improvement
It is recommended that in terms of cardio vascular
fitness 20 minutes should be spend working in the
target range.
Elite performers will obviously train for much longer
periods
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FITT Principle
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T – Type
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What sort of training you will do
For most people this could be a wide variety of
activities to take them into the training zone
e.g. swimming , cycling, jogging
Elite performers will do activities specific to
their sports or events.
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Methods of Training
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Interval training
Periods of work followed by periods of rest
E.g. run for 60 secs rest for 30 secs
Used in many different sports (particularly team
games)
Advantages to sport: replicates activity, takes
place over short bursts, includes a rest period
for recovery, includes repetitions of high quality
Methods of Training
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Continuous training
Continuous training without rest periods
Particularly useful for improving cardiovascular
fitness
Commonly used by distance athletes
Advantages to sport: cheap, work individually
or in a group, improves aerobic fitness, can be
adapted to suit the individual.
Methods of Training
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Fartlek Training
‘Speedplay’ a combination of fast and slow
running.
You may sprint for 200m then jog 200m then
walk 200m and repeat
Advantages include: can be done on a variety
of terrain, can be flexible, useful for sports
requiring changes of speed e.g. 1500m
Methods of Training
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Cross training
Is a mixture of activities adapted to suit an individuals
needs.
E.g. one day swimming, one day cycling, one day
running.
Might not be suitable for elite athletes but is a good
way of maintaining general fitness.
Advantages include: varied certain muscle groups can
be rested, training can be adapted to weather
conditions
Methods of Training
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Circuit training
Involves a number of exercises set out at a ‘station’ so
you avoid working the same muscle groups
consecutively.
Improves muscular endurance, cardio vascular fitness
and circulo-respiratory fitness.
Advantages: offers good all round fitness, cheap,
people of all levels can work at their own pace, both
aerobic and anaerobic, varied, works a number of
different areas.
Methods of Training
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Weight Training
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Weight Training is a form of training that uses progressive
resistance, either in the form of actual weight lifted or in terms of
the number of times the weight is lifted.
Weight training is used for:
Increase muscular strength
Increase muscular endurance
Increase speed
Develop muscle bulk or size
Rehabilitate after illness or injury
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Methods of Training
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Personal Exercise Program (PEP)
A personal exercise program is a training plan
designed to improve a persons health, fitness
and performance and is made to suit their
individual needs
PEP must use principle of training e.g.
overload, progression specificity and the FITT
principle
Methods of Training
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Individual needs
It is important the training program is planned around
the individual
One person may like swimming but another may not be
able to swim
So activities must be suitable
A midfielder in football will require a different training
program to a defender or a goal keeper because their
needs are different
Methods of Training
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Training sessions include:
A warm up – to prepare the body and mind Pulse raiser, stretching and activity related
work e.g. sprints/shooting
Main activity – practice skills, work on fitness
etc
Cool down – Bring HR back to normal by
gentle jogs and stretches
Methods of Training
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Immediate effects of exercise
Increased HR
Increased breathing
Increased body temperature
Sweating
Muscle fatigue / tiredness
Methods of Training
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Effects of regular training and exercise
Increased stroke volume and cardiac output
(so heart pumps more blood per beat)
Quicker recovery rate
Lower resting HR
More efficient CV system
Increase number of capillaries
Methods of Training
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Long term benefits of exercise
Lower blood pressure
Reduced risk of coronary heart disease
You can work harder for longer
Methods of Training
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Target Zone
Used as a guide to measure intensity of
exercise, and can be worked out in the
following way:
Max HR = 220 – age
Lower end of target zone will be 60% of max
HR
Top end of target zone will be 80% of max HR
Methods of Training
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E.g. 220 – 20 = 200 bpm
(max HR)
Low end target zone is
60% of 200 bpm = 120
bpm
Top end target zone is
80% of 200 bpm = 160
bpm
Therefore the target
zone is 120 – 160 bpm
Methods of Training
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Aerobic (with air) activity
Any sustained activity
requiring increased breathing
and oxygen consumption
Aerobic activities normally
last for a minute or more
Increases cardio - vascular
fitness and efficiency of
respiratory system
E.g. long distance running
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Anaerobic (without air)
activity
Anaerobic activities are high
intensity activities over a short
period of time
They only last for 40 second
or so, even the fittest athletes
cannot work at this intensity
for longer
Examples include 100m sprint
The Circulatory system
Semilunar valves
Vena cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Septum
Aorta
Left atrium
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Cardiac muscle
The Circulatory system
To the lungs
From the body
The right side
pumps
deoxygenated
blood to the lungs
to pick up oxygen.
To the body
From the lungs
The left side
pumps oxygenated
blood to the rest of
the body for use.
The Circulatory system
Lungs
 Blood flows around the body in a
‘figure of eight’ circuit, passing
through the heart twice on each
circuit. Hence the name the
Double Pump System.
There are 2 separate ‘loops’ to the
circuit:
 The top loop – carries blood
from the heart to the lungs and
back.
 The bottom loop – carries blood
from the heart to all over the
body and back.
(A)
(A)
(V)
(V)
Heart
Body
The Circulatory system
Heart rate is:
“The number of times the heart beats each minute”
 During exercise your HR will increase
 With continued training your resting HR will be lower as
your heart is stronger and more efficient
 Stroke volume is:
“the volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each
ventricle during one contraction”
 At rest stroke volume may be 85ml, but when
exercising it will increase up to 130ml
The Circulatory system
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Cardiac output is:
“the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
minute”
Cardiac output is governed by the HR and stroke
volume
Cardiac output = stroke volume x HR
When you train your cardiac output will increase
because your heart is be bigger, stronger and more
efficient
The Circulatory system
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There are three main types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The Circulatory system
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Thick walls
Much thinner walls than
arteries
Microscopic vessels
Carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood
to the heart
They link the arteries with
the veins
More elastic than veins
Less elastic than arteries
Cope with higher blood
pressure
Carry blood at lower
pressures
At one end they carry
arterial blood which
transfers oxygen and
nutrients to the muscles
The channel the blood
passes through (lumen)
widens to cope with
increased blood flow during
exercise
They contain many valves
to stop blood flowing
backwards, as venous
blood is often flowing
upwards against gravity
At the other end, they pick
up waste and carry venous
blood into the veins as they
pass through the system
The Circulatory system
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Blood structure: Plasma
It is the liquid part of the blood
Its functions include transporting:
Transporting
carbon dioxide
away from
cells to the
lungs for
removal from
the body.
Glucose from
the small
intestine to the
cells for use in
energy
production.
Other waste
products away
from cells for
removal from the
body, e.g. urea
and heat when
the body is hot.
The Circulatory system
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White blood cells
These have a nucleus (control centre) and vary
in size and shape
Function includes: protecting the body from
disease by
Engulfing any
invading microbes,
defending the body
from disease.
Producing
antibodies which
help the body attack
disease.
The Circulatory system
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Platelets
These are tiny pieces of cell which have no
nucleus
Their main function is to:
Clump together when blood
vessels are damaged and help to
clog a ‘meshwork’ of fibres which
create a clot, to help stop
bleeding.
The Circulatory system
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Red blood cells
These have no nucleus and are very flexible so
they can pass through the extremely tiny
capillaries of the body.
Their main role is to:
Collect and carry
oxygen to all the cells
of the body so they
can create energy.
In order to do this, red
blood cells contain
Haemoglobin, which
combines with oxygen to
become Oxyhaemoglobin.
The Respiratory System
Trachea
(wind pipe)
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Intercostal
muscles
Ribs
Bronchus
Lung
Diaphragm
The Respiratory System
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Inspiration
The intercostal muscles
contract pulling the rib cage
up and out
Diaphragm contracts causing
it to flatten
Chest cavity gets larger
causing pressure in the lungs
to fall
Air moves into the lungs from
the higher outside pressure
Air flowing
in
The Respiratory System
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Expiration
The intercostal muscles relax
and so the rib cage returns to
normal
The diaphragm relaxes pushing it
up
The chest cavity gets smaller so
the pressure in the lungs
increases
Air flows out of the lungs
During periods of exercise
expiration becomes an active
process involving the forced
expulsion of air
Air
flowing
outward
The Respiratory System
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Alveoli
Are tiny structures were
diffusion of o2 and co2 takes
place
Surrounded by capillaries
Capillaries have thin walls as
well to allow exchange of o2
and co2
The more training you do the
more alveoli become
available for gaseous
exchange
Red blood
cells
Thin wall
Capillaries
The Respiratory System
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Gaseous exchange
1)
Alveoli in close contact with blood capillaries
O2 in alveoli is diffused into blood capillaries
Whilst the o2 is taken co2 is given out to the alveoli and breathed out
O2 is carried via circulatory system around the body in the red blood
cells before being deposited in living cells
O2 is combined with glucose in the cell to produce energy along with
waste products of co2 and water
The process then begins again when the deoxygenated blood returns
to the lungs
During exercise there is increased demand for energy and therefore o2,
there is also more co2 produced during exercise which must be
removed
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
The Respiratory System
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Inhaled air into the
lungs (%)
Exhale air out of the
lungs (%)
Oxygen 20.95 %
Oxygen 16%
Nitrogen 79%
Nitrogen 79%
Carbon Dioxide 0.04%
Water vapour 0.01%
Carbon Dioxide 4.0%
Water vapour 1%
The Respiratory System
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Tidal volume
“The volume of air you breath in and out in one
breath”
Tidal volume increases during exercise
Vital capacity
“the maximum amount of air you can breathe
out after breathing in as much air as possible”
The Respiratory System
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Oxygen debt
“the amount of oxygen consumed during
recovery above that which would have
ordinarily been consumed in the same time at
rest (this results in a shortfall in the oxygen
available)
Bones
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Bone Growth
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Bone grows from Cartilage in the
body, from when we are born.
It hardens with Calcium and other
minerals, to form bone, called
Ossification.
Bone growth begins at the centre
of the bone.
Growth continues at the end of
bones, but cartilage remains at
the end of bones.
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Bones
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Composition of bone
Epiphsis: End of a long bone.
Diaphysis: The Shaft of a long bone.
Cartilage: A dense, elastic, connective tissue that
cushions and connects many bones in the skeleton.
Periosteum: Tough membrane which surrounds bone.
Calcium: A mineral vital for healthy bones, found in
dairy products, eg milk, cheese, yogurt etc…
Bones
Bones
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Functions of skeleton
Shape – without it we would be a pile of jelly.
Support – Allows us to hold positions, standing up.
Movement – Allows activity.
Blood Production – Marrows within the bone
produces all the vital ingredients of blood.
Protection – Protects the vital organs, eg, brain,
hearts, lung etc..
Bones
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Classification of bones
1. Long – Lever bones.
Eg Humerus, femur, phalanges etc..
2. Short – Small Levers.
Eg Carpals, tarsals.
3. Flat – Protecting bones.
Cranium, patella, ribs etc..
4. Irregular – More protection.
Eg Vertebrae, protect the spinal cord.
Bones
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Bone forms part of our lean body mass,
which relate to weight and can affect
performance (Diet and Nutrition Year 10).
Bone determines size of body and length of
limb, rugby players, gymnasts, high jumpers.
Bones influences Body Composition and can
therefore influence participation and
performance in Sport.
Bones
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You must also be able to identify the major bones of
the body
Remember bone size will determine body size, weight
and composition.
This will in turn affect your performance in sport
A good diet and regular exercise will help ensure
healthy bone formation and long term health
Joints, tendons and ligaments
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A joint is:
“a place were two bones meet”
Joints allow use to move freely during
everyday life and in sporting activities
Without them our movement would be
restricted
E.g. joints in our fingers allow us to grip (a
racket, ball etc)
Joints, tendons and ligaments
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You need to now the different types of joint
Ball and socket (I.e shoulder0
Synovial joint (I.e. knee)
You also need to know the role of cartilage,
synovial fluid and membrane (give examples
form the knee joint
Joints, tendons and ligaments
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Joint movements
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Rotation
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle
Gluteals
Hamstring
Position in the body
Main Action
In the middle of the
body at the back,
forming the bottom
Pull the legs back
at the hips.
At the top of each leg
at the back.
Bend the legs at
the knees
Gastrocnemius At the bottom of each
leg at the back. Also
known as the calf
muscles.
Straighten the foot
so you can stand
on your toes.
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle
Trapezius
Latissimus
dorsi
Triceps
Position in the Body
Main Action
Hold and rotate the
shoulders and also
move the head
back and
sideways.
Pull your arms
At the back of the
down at the
body, either side of shoulders and
the chest.
back behind your
back.
At the top of each Straighten the
arm at the back.
arms at the elbow.
In the centre of the
chest at the back of
the body, spreading
up.
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle
Deltoids
Biceps
Quadriceps
Position in the
Body
Main Action
In the upper part Raise the arms in
of the body,
all directions at
covering the
the shoulders.
shoulders.
At the top of
Bend the arms at
each arm at the the elbows.
front.
At the top of
each leg at the
front.
Straighten the
legs at the knees.
Muscles and muscle action
Muscle
Position in the
body
Main Action
Pectorals
In the upper part
of the chest at the
front.
Raise the arms up,
sideways and
across the chest at
the shoulders.
Abdominals
At the front of the
body in the
middle, just below
the chest.
Pull in the abdomen
and bend the spine
so you can bend
forward.
Muscles and muscle action
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Muscle types
Cardiac muscle
cardiac muscle works without you thinking
about it (there is no conscious control)
It is only found in the walls of the heart
Never tires and important for pumping blood
around body during periods of activity
Muscles and muscle action
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Involuntary muscle
Also works without you thinking about it
Also known as smooth muscle
Found in the walls of arteries, veins, stomach
and intestines
Muscles and muscle action
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Voluntary muscles
You have full control over voluntary muscles
They are also know as striated or skeletal
muscle.
They are attached to bone and cause the
skeleton to move.
Examples include the triceps and hamstrings.
They are the largest group of muscles in the
body
Muscles and muscle action
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Antagonistic muscles
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Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the
bones by strong cords known as tendons.
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They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create
movement.
Muscles and muscle action
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Flexion (bending) of the arm
The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the
movement is called the agonist or prime mover.
The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place
is called the antagonist.
Antagonist
(Triceps
relax)
Agonist or Prime Mover
(Biceps contract)
Muscles and muscle action
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Fast twitch fibres
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Muscle Fibre Type
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Contraction Strength
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Energy Production
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e
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Enduranc
For Who?
Fast Twitch
Very Powerful
Anaerobic Respiration
Can only work for short periods
Ideal for Sprinters
Muscles and muscle action
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Slow twitch fibres
Slow Twitch
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Muscle Fibre Type
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Contraction Strength
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Energy Production
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e
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Enduranc
For Who?
Weaker
Aerobic Respiration
Can work for long periods
Ideal for Marathon Runners
Prevention of injury
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In all sports were competition is part of the game, rules
will be in place to protect players, officials and
spectators from injury.
How can we make activities safe?
Protective clothing
Appropriate footwear
Balanced competition
Weight categories
Mixed or single sexed competition
Age Groups
Balanced Competition
Another way to make sport safe is to try to level
the competition by grading competitors in
various ways:
 Weight categories – Boxing and Karate.
 Mixed or single sex competitions – contact
sports.
 Age groups – football etc. (but not all children
of the same age are the same height or weight)
Sports Injuries
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Joint injuries
Sports injuries
Sports Injuries
Sports injuries
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Soft tissue injuries
Pulled muscle, strained
muscle etc are all terms used
to describe the same type of
injury.
The muscle tendons become
torn from the bone.
Symptoms include pain,
unable to move the limb,
tearing /pulling sound
Sports Injuries
Sports Injuries
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The treatment for:
JOINT INJURIES,
• TENNIS and GOLF ELBOW,
• MUSCLE/SOFT TISSUE INJURIES,
• DISLOCATIONS and
•
TORN CARTILAGE
is the R.I.C.E. principle.
Sports Injury
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R – REST
I – ICE
C – COMPRESSION
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E – ELEVATION
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Sports injury
Sports Injury
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This is often caused by a severe impact to the head or
when the body is starved of oxygen.
The treatment for an unconsciousness is the DR ABC
principle.
Danger
Response
Airways
Breathing
Circulation
Sports Injury
Sports Injury
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Posture
It is important to keep our bodies balanced but we
often stoop or sag.
Over time this can lead to problems with posture
resulting in back / neck pain and discomfort
It can be caused by slouching in chairs, ill fitting shoes,
poor muscle tone, flexibility and being overweight.
Sports Injuries
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How can we improve our posture?
Strengthen muscles
Increase flexibility
Loose weight
Sit upright
Avoid slouching
Wear well fitting shoes.