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DO NOW ~Paper I Review
 According
to Source A which are
Clemenceau’s points of view about justice
towards the Germans?



Can not be unreasonable towards Germans in
fear of provoking the rise of nationalism
Save the world from German aggression
Justice must be served by the Germans
 What

message is conveyed by Source E
The Big Three have punished the Germans so
much that the Treaty of Versailles will continue
to effect the Germans for years to come

Compare and contrast the views expressed about
the Paris Peace Conference in sources C and D

Similarities




Both source C & D blame the leaders of the Paris Peace
Conference of just worrying about their capitalist
interests
Treaties were forced on the people and not just
Treaties created at Paris Peace Conference were a failure
Differences


Source D does agree to certain restrictions against
Germany as long as Germany could recover economically
Communist viewpoint did not support the idea of self –
government or self – determination
 With
reference to their origin and purpose,
assess the value of limitations for historians
studying the Paris Peace Conference of
Source B & D

Source B




Origin – Hitler, Mein Kampf 1925
Purpose – Show resentment of Germany being forced
to sign Treaty of Versailles
Value – Hitler would go onto to be the leader of
Germany in WWII and would use the Paris Peace
Conference as a way to persuade the people to believe
in his views
Limitations – Does not show other leaders goals,
beliefs, aims, etc. at the Paris Peace Conf.
 With
reference to their origin and purpose,
assess the value of limitations for historians
studying the Paris Peace Conference of
Source B & D

Source D




Origin – British delegate H. Nicolson at the Paris Peace
Conference…book written ‘Peacemaking 1919’
Purpose – To report about the successes and failures at
the Paris Peace Conference
Value – H. Nicolson is a primary source because he
attended the Paris Peace Conference and discusses the
aims and goals when they arrived in Paris
Limitation – Does not address the goals of other
leaders especially the French who wanted to severely
punish Germany
 “The
Paris Peace Conference was guilty of
disguising an imperialist peace under the
surface of Wilsonism.” To what extend do
you agree with Nicolson’s point of view.

Agree






Wilson & his 14 Points
League of Nations
Germans were held responsible for WWI (reparations,
disarmament, etc.)
Mandate System
Britain wanted to protect its colonial empire
Open Door Policy
 Problems
ENFORCING peace treaties – USA
did not join League of Nations = insecurity
 Disarmament difficult = NO TRUST
 France & Britain concerned about their own
problems
 Italy & Japan looked to undermine the
treaties signed and looked to gain land
 Some progress at fostering international
cooperation
 Three
important countries were not apart of
the league: USA, Soviet Union, & Germany




American politicians wanted to keep out of
international affairs
Bolshevik government was not recognized by the
other Great Powers
Germany was not allowed to join initially as one
of the punishments imposed by the Treaty of
Versailles. (Germany was a member from 19261933
Japan left in 1933 and Italy in 1937
A
second fatal weakness was the fact that
the League of Nations did not have an army.
 If a conflict arose, member states had to
supply forces at their own expense. All were
reluctant to do so, especially Britain and
France who were effectively the only strong
countries in the League.
A
third weakness was to do with
organization. Each of the member countries
sent delegates to the Assembly, but real
power was concentrated in the hands of the
Council, made up of permanent members
Britain, France, Italy and Japan in 1920.
 Each member of the council had the right of
veto, which meant that one vote against
could stop action being agreed.
 Regarded
the Treaty of Versailles as a
‘mutilated victory’
 It did not gain all land it expected
 Felt Britain and France were determined to
deny Italy equal treatment
 Social and economic problems let to political
chaos
 1922 King Victor Emmanuel asked Benito
Mussolini to form a government
 Mussolini would set up a Fascist gov’t – based
on the glory of the state and strength
displayed through violence and conquest
 1905
– defeat of Russia in Russo – Japanese
War – gave Japan Korean Peninsula and
control of railways in Manchuria
 Japan needed to import raw material and
food
 Peace treaties angered Japanese due to
terms not treating them as equals
 Japanese belief that they should control
Pacific region and foreign influences like USA
and Britain be removed
 Instability in China let to Japan willing to use
military force to protect it’s interests
 Organized
by U.S
 Naval arms race
between U.S, U.K and
Japan
 Called for 2 reasons:


Cost of arms which no
one could afford
Defuse tension b/w U.S
and Japan
The Washington Naval Conference called by
President Harding and held in Washington D.C.
from Nov. 12 1921 to Feb. 6, 1922., it was
attended by nine nations having interests in the
pacific ocean and east Asia.
 Led to an effective end to building new
battleship fleets and those few ships that were
built were limited in size and armament.

 US,


Britain, France, & Japan
Result – December 1921 guaranteed the
territorial rights to their respective possessions in
the Pacific
Agreed to defend each other in event of attack
 Signed
February 1921 – Italy joined the
alliance




Result -= 5:5:3 Ratio size of their fleets
USA, Britain, & Japan (France & Italy half the
size of Japan)
First steps towards international disarmament
Expensive naval race avoided
 China’s
political instability would result in
foreign powers extending influence resulting
in international conflict
 Confirmed Open Door Policy
 Washington


Agreements Successful
1) Small number of countries = easier to find
common ground
2) Countries could not afford naval cost
 Drafted
to ensure the collective security of
Europe
 Proposed sanctions against aggressors
 Members of the League would come to help
any victim who fell to aggression
 French were enthusiastic about proposal
 Britain vetoed the proposal
 Held
in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1927.
 Agreements
made at the Washington Conference
(1921-22), were largely confined to limitations
on battleships and aircraft carriers.
 Talks
dragged on for nearly six weeks during
which tensions rose among the former Allies. In
early August, the delegates adjourned without
reaching any agreement.
 US
secretary of state Frank Billings Kellogg &
Aristide Briand (former minister of France)
helped create a culture of disarmament
 Renounced the use of war and called for the
peaceful settlement of disputes
 Pact was signed by 15 nations on August 27
1928 and in 1933 another 50 nations signed
 Despite optimism pact was little more then
statement of good intentions
 0 enforcement or binding clauses
 Please
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

write down the following 3 Questions:
What do you see in this cartoon?
What is the message of the cartoonist?
How do you know?
Question
Assessment Objective
The first questions will test
1) Knowledge and understanding
understanding of a source in part (a)
~ Understand historical sources
and part (b)
The second question will test analysis
1) Application and interpretation
of sources through the comparison and
~ Compare and contrast historical
contrast
sources as evidence
The third question will ask students to
discuss two sources in relation to their
origin, purpose, value, limitation
1) Synthesis & Evaluation
~ Evaluate historical sources as
evidence
The fourth question will test evaluation Knowledge & Understanding /
of sources and context knowledge
Application & Interpretation /
Synthesis & Evaluation