Chapter 21: 1500-1800


Philip II : King during Spain’s Golden Age of Empire (Spanish
Netherlands, American Colonies, Portugal, Africa, Indies) Defended of
Catholicism vs. Muslims/Protestants.

Absolute Monarch : Kings/Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries. Control every aspect of society

Divine Right : Chosen by god, power given by god, acts as a “God’s
Representative” earth. (Almost God like…. But doesn’t challenge God)

Edict of Nantes : Declaration of religion toleration in France

Cardinal Richelieu : Strong minister who “ruled” France for the weak king Louis XIII.


Skepticism : Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain (critic) attitude of doubt towards churches. “First step in finding the truth”

Louis XIV : The Sun King, “I am the State” Strongest King of his time.
King at 4. Grand style

Jean Baptiste Colbert : France’s minister of Finance. Made France Self-
Sufficient (no imports) encouraged people to move to French Canada
(Fur Trade)

War of the Spanish Succession : War from 1701-1713 in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family control Spain as well as France.


Thirty Years’ War : European conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling families (Hapsburg Dynasty)

Maria Theresa : Austrian Ruler (Female ruler) daughter is Marie
Antoinette who is the wife of Louis XVI (religious)

Fredrick The Great : King of Prussia (militaristic)

Seven Years’ War : Conflict in Europe/Americas/India, forces of
Britain and Prussia battled Austria, France, Russia and other Countries
(French and Indian War)


Ivan the Terrible : Absolute ruler of Russia (Czar), Good and Bad
Periods (after his wife Anastasia died) . Rode around and killed “traitors”

Peter the Great : Absolute ruler of Russia, modernized Russia by ending serfdom, “Grand Embassy of Europe” Reforms Russia by
Westernizing Russia.

Westernization : Adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western-especially European/American countries.

CHAPTER 21:1

1.
What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish
Armada?
2.
Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?
3.
Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?
4.
Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.


Philip II’s Empire

Most Powerful Empire in the World

Gold Mines + Colonies +
Encomiendas

Includes Spain, Spanish Netherlands,
Americas, parts of Indies



Deeply religions
Took over Portugal (no heir to throne)
American Mines



400,000 lbs of Gold
10 years span 16,000 lbs of Silver
Defender of Catholicism

Against Muslims (Africa) and
Protestants (Europe)


Reflection of Wealth and Religion

Monasteries

Built to demonstrate power/prestige of the Spanish
Empire

Supported by Gold/Silver from
Americas


Philip II challenged Queen Elizabeth I to a war

Punish England for being Protestant

Elizabeth supported Spanish Protestants who challenged Philip II’s Power/Dutch Rebels

Spanish Armada has the Most powerful Navy


Most ships
Lacked cannons and trained men


British were skilled sailors/private interests
Used “Fire Ships”

Results of the Battles


Steady decline in Spanish Power.
England asserts itself as Powerful Country


Great Wealth Supported the Arts:
Writers/Artists

El Greco : Brilliant colors, distorted the human figure, expressed emotion symbolically
(Deep Catholic Faith of Spain)
Topics: Martyrs

Diego Velazquez


50 years after Greco
Philip IV’s royal painter


Portraits of Royal family and
“court life”
Used rich colors


“Birth of the Modern European Novel”

Author: Miguel de Cervantes

Wrote about a poor Spanish nobleman who went crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights

Rusty Suite of Armor/Feeble Horse

Windmills = Giants

Wishbone 1

Wishbone 2

1.
1.
Gold and Silver from Americas made the Spanish rich!!!
Lead to Long-Term Problems
2.
1.
Severe Inflation (decline in the value of money)
Spain's Population growing
2.
3.
Merchants raise prices
Silver flooded market and value dropped
3.
1.
2.
3.
Expelled the Jews/Moors (Muslims)
Lost businessmen/Merchants
Tax Burden put on the lower classes
NO MIDDLE CLASS
1.
1.
Guilds (Labor Unions) used old methods of production
Cost more to manufacture cloth/goods
2.
Bought more from France, England and
Netherlands
2.
1.
Financing Wars (Barrowed Money)
Barrowed from German and Italian
Bankers!!
2.
Spain declared Bankruptcy 3x’s
3.
1.
2.
Dutch Revolt
Little in common: Netherlands are
“Calvinist”
1,500 Dutch Protestants died
3.
1.
2.
11 year fight
Northern States: Netherlands
(Protestant)
Southern States: Belgium (Catholic)


United Provinces of Netherlands

Religious toleration/elected governors

Best Art and Banks (Florence of old)

Rembrandt van Rijn

The Night Watch

Jan Vermeer

Domestic paintings
(everyday life)


The Merchant class grew

Solid farm production

Sold to highest bidder

Control of Trade Routes

Largest Fleet In The World

4,800 ships

Dutch East India Company


(Trading company owned by the Dutch
Government)
Dominated Spice Trade

$$$$$$$


Theory of Abolitionism

Kings/Queens have complete control over everything in their country!


ABSOLUTE POWER!
Control every aspect of society.

Divine Right Theory

Growing Power of Europe's
Monarchs

Centralized Authority



Decline of Feudalism
Rise of Cities
Growth of National Kingdoms



Breakdown in Church Power
Religious/Territorial battles
High tensions (taxes/wars) made strong rulers

“Their goal was to free themselves of those who challenge their power and authority!”


Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty

The growth of armies to deal with conflicts cause rulers to raise taxes to pay troops

Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolt

Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

Rules increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful

Rulers created bureaucracies
(people who work for gov.) to control their countries economies


Long Term Effects

Revolution in France


Western European
Influence in Russia
English political reforms influence U.S. Democracy

1.
What was the significance of England’s defeat of the Spanish
Armada?
2.
Why did the Dutch revolt against the Spanish?
3.
Why did absolute monarchs believe that they were justified in exercising absolute power?
4.
Identified the causes the Age of Absolute Empire.

Chapter 21:2


France: Religious Wars Create a Crisis (1562-1598)



St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris
Huguenots vs. Catholics
Henry of Navarre



Took the throne of France in 1589
Converted to Catholicism to end religious warfare
Edict of Nantes : Allowed to Huguenots (French Protestants) freedom of religion, ending religious warfare


Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

Weak ruler/king and needed help


Cardinal Richelieu becomes a
“Prime Minister”
Catholic Church Official is ruler of
France

Moved against
Huguenots/Hapsburg Dynasty rulers that surrounded France

 “I Am The State”

Louis, the Boy King


King at the age of 5
Real power rested with
Cardinal Mazarin

Jean Baptiste Colbert


Financial Minister
Self-Sufficient France

High tariffs on imports

Louis Takes Control (1661)



Was determined to be a strong leader unlike his father
Excluded nobles from all royal councils
Intendants

Grand Style



8:30 wake up
100 servants
Nobles lived in Palace

Expanding Boarders

20 Million people

Strongest army

Attacked the Dutch

European Wide alliance against
France (why?)

War of the Spanish
Succession
Charles II of Spain died. No Heir

Louis XIV’s grandson chosen
(Bourbons)

European Countries blocked this
(14 years)

Britain Strengthens



Gibraltar slave trade rights
American Colonies (North
East)

Positives

France is the best example of an
Absolute Monarch

Powerful

Above all in art, literature, statesmanship

Military leader

Strong colonies (goods/trade)
Negatives

Constant warfare

Palace at Versailles

Staggering debt

High taxes

Abuse of power

Lead to French Revolution

1.
How is Louis XIV a great example of an Absolute
Emperor? (5 reasons/examples)

Chapter 21:3

The Hapsburg Family:
Spain, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Italy


Germany’s Differences in Religion : Catholics vs. Protestants

Caused by Martin Luther and the Reformation

Catholics, Protestants and Calvinists

Catholic League and Protestant Union

Causes of The Thirty Years’ War

Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II (Catholic) became ruler of a Protestant area;
Bohemia

Two phases of War


Hapsburg victories and Hapsburg defeats (You win some….You loose some…)
France Backed the Protestants b/c they did not other European rulers to be as powerful as the French king!


Destroyed the Central Europe: Germany

4 million died

Germany’s trade, agriculture, economy was ruined (100 years)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)





Weakened Hapsburg Dynasty of Spain and Austria
France gained German lands (WWI)
Ended religious wars in Europe
New Peace Negotiations : Everyone meets in one area to discuss peace treaty
States move away from identity based on religion and more on Nationalism!!


Three major Empires

Kingdom of Poland, Holy
Roman Empire and Ottoman
Empire

Differences in Economy

Western European Serfs : Looser
Laws, More Freedom


Old Serfs become capitalists:
$$$$
Central European Serfs : Stronger
Laws, Less Freedom

Weaker Kings b/c nobility limited their power

Austria Grows

Hapsburgs in Austria

Won territory during Thirty
Years’ War

Centralized Government/Strong
Army

Maria Theresa

Strong female ruler

For the People
Prussia Grows

Unified small kingdoms after the
Thirty Years’ War

Frederick William: Great
Elector

Strong Army

80,000

Frederick the Great

Militaristic and fair

Maria Theresa
Frederick The Great


Maria Theresa takes over
Austria:

1740

Frederick the Great takes over
Prussia:

5 months later

Frederick Invades Austria

War of Austrian Succession

Austria defeated the Prussians


Hungary/France/Russia/Au stria
England/Prussia

Seven Years War (FRENCH
AND INDIAN WAR!!)

Europe, North America,
India


France lost colonies in North
America
England gained sole possession of India (Jewel In
The Crown)

Chapter 21:4


From Ivan to the Romanovs

Ivan The Terrible

Married Anastasia



1 st to use “Czar” (Absolute)
Competed for power with
Boyars, or landowning nobles
Police Force to find “traitors” killed his son

Rise of the Romanovs

In 1613, Michael Romanov was chosen to be Czar


PETER THE GREAT (1696)

Great Reformer!!!

Tall with a Temper

Russia’s Differences From Europe

Russia’s peasants lived as serfs until the 1800s

Had been isolated from the West after the Mongol Conquest


Russia followed Eastern Orthodox
Christianity

Russia looked to Constantinople not Rome!
No Seaports!!! (ice)


Peter was fascinated by the
“West”

Russia needed a “Warm” Water
Port

Grand Embassy to learn about the Western cultures

Westernization : To Make
Russia Stronger/Updated


“For you know yourself that, though a thing be good and necessary… our people will not
do it unless forced to.”
1.
1.
Controlled Eastern
Orthodox Church
Abolished the Patriarch
2.
Reduced the Power of the
Nobles (Boyers)
3.
1.
Hired European soldiers to train his army
Lifetime job, 200,000 men
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduced potatoes
Established
Newspapers
Increased the status of women
Nobles to dress like westerners
5.
1.
Schools: Navigation, science and technology
Forced to study abroad

St. Petersburg

Fought Sweden for a port on the
Baltic Sea



“Window to Europe”
21 year war
St. Petersburg became Russia’s new capital

Swamp Land

25,000-100,000 serfs died
Finally….. Warm
Water!!

Chapter 21:5



Monarchs try to rule absolutely



Strong monarchy built by Queen Elizabeth
James I and Charles I attempt to rule absolutely
Parliament forces Charles to sign Petition of Right (see page 614)


Cavaliers (supported King) vs. Roundheads
(supported Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell leads Roundheads to victory in
1647

Charles I is beheaded for treason against
Parliament


Cromwell became a Puritan dictator, invaded Ireland and passed laws against sports, theatre, and dancing

NO FUN PURITANS!

Established Commonwealth
(republic)

In 1659, Cromwell died, was replaced by Charles II





James II
 Brother of King Charles II of England
 Catholic King in a Protestant Country
 English (Anglicans) did not like him!
 Parliament Feared Catholic Kings (Pope)
 James II oldest Daughter Mary is married to William of Orange (Netherlands)
 In 1688, William of Orange and his wife
Mary invaded England
 Glorious Revolution
 James II left England
 Bloodless Revolution!

Limits on Monarch’s
Power
English Bill of Rights
 William and Mary signed an agreement with Parliament making
England a
 Constitutional Monarchy : “Parliament and Monarch were equals”
 Freedom of Speech


No taxes without Parliaments approval
No penalty for petitioning the king


King cannot disband Parliament
Protects Citizens/Parliament from
Absolute Rulers!