Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Weather vs Climate
Basic Meteorological Assumptions:

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Ideal Gas Law

Adiabatic Expansion

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Ideal Gas Law

Adiabatic Expansion
Increase in volume without heat flow in or out of the volume
H
e
i
g
(mb)
h
t
apollo.lsc.vsc.edu
Distance (m)
Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Traditional Wind Model

Solar Heating Causes Winds.

Wind is caused by differences in pressure
resulting from differential heating of the
earth’s surface.
Pressure and Temperature
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html
Geostrophic Wind
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu
Thermal Wind Equation
vg – Geostrophic wind
vT – Thermal wind
f – Coriolis parameter
R – Ideal gas law constant
Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Equations of State for Moist Air
Moist air as a whole
Water Vapor
Dry Air
P - pressure
N – molar density
R – molar gas constant
T – absolute temperature
Relative Molar Density of Water Vapor
The process of condensation in the rising
air should be reflected through the
changes in:

Molar rate of condensation per unit volume:
(1)
vertical
condensation
rate
Gravitational
expansion
Horizontal
expansion
- velocity vector directed along the temperature
gradient toward the lower temperature
- vertical velocity
- horizontal velocity
Coordinate System
w0,u0 is considered to be the isothermal plane whereas
w,u is the horizontal plane.
Stationary Continuity Equation
(2)

If we consider:
(3)

(4)
And the conservation of mass for dry air:

We can conclude that:
(5)

(6)
If we assume an isothermal plane, molar
density does not change.
We can combine (1) and (5) with a substitution
from (6) to obtain:
(7)
(1)
(5)
(6)
Using the definition for
(8)
Compact Form:
(9)
:

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Adiabatic ascent of moist saturated air

The only phase transition will be
condensation in the vertical direction.

Looking strictly at isothermal horizontal
plane:
Adiabatic Ascent
Parcel will not rise in a vertically isothermal atmosphere
Adiabatic ascent with a temperature gradient applied in
the vertical direction.
Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Cylindrical Transformation:
Using change of coordinates:
Cylindrical Coordinates
u(r) - radial velocity
w(r) – vertical velocity
v(r) – tangential velocity
U - The velocity of hurricane movement as a whole
also known as translation speed.
Theoretical radial and tangential
velocity vs category 5 data set
o – Data at different levels from twelve observed category 5
hurricanes.
 - Median values of data sets.
Data Analysis from Makarieva and Gorshkov
Theoretical Pressure profile vs
Holland’s profile
Theoretical values for pressure vs Holland’s profile
values (empirical).
Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Forestry and Precipitation

“The biotic pump is a mechanism in
which natural forests create and control
ocean-to-land winds, bringing moisture
to all terrestrial life.”
- -Gorshkov and Makarieva 2012
Overview
Basic Meteorological Assumptions
 Traditional Wind Model
 Condensation Induced Winds

 Derivation
 Experimental Evidence
Greater Implications
 Future Research

Future Research

Add a condensation component from the biotic
pump theory to a climate model.
Jennifer Fowler – Mentor and all around
awesome lady.
 Makarieva and Gorshkov – Theory
Authors.
 Alex Bulmahn
 MSGC (Montana Space Grant
Consortium)
 University of Montana Physics and
Astronomy Department
