THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR John Capp & Bakhtiar Litkouhi IEEE Spectrum May 2014 IS 376 September 4, 2014 WATCHFUL CARS THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE (ROAD SIGNS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, ETC.) TRANSMIT CURRENT LOCAL CONDITIONS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN VEHICLES HELPS PREVENT COLLISIONS IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 SATELLITE SYSTEMS PROVIDE NAVIGATION DATA SENSORS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY SURROUNDING THE CAR PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS WITH WEARABLE DEVICES (E.G., MOBILE PHONES) MAKE THEIR PRESENCE KNOWN TO THE VEHICLE THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR PAGE 2 SATELLITE NAVIGATION GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEMS USE TRILATERATION TO PINPOINT THE LOCATION OF A RECEIVER. MULTIPLE SATELLITES ORBIT THE EARTH, TRANSMITTING THEIR CURRENT POSITIONS. THE RECEIVING STATION COMPUTES ITS DISTANCE FROM THREE OF THOSE SATELLITES AND CALCULATES THE TWO POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE SPHERES SURROUNDING THEM. ONE OF THOSE TWO POINTS IS ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, AND THAT POINT IS THE GPS LOCATION OF THE RECEIVER. TO COMBAT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS AND STRUCTURAL INTERFERENCE, THE SATELLITES PERIODICALLY TRANSMIT TO EARTH STATIONS WITH FIXED LOCATIONS, ADJUSTING THEIR CALCULATIONS ACCORDINGLY. IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR PAGE 3 360° SENSING ULTRASONIC SENSORS USE ACOUSTIC WAVES TO PROVIDE PROXIMITY DETECTION FOR LOW-SPEED EVENTS; IT IS BLIND IF THE CAR IS MOVING FASTER THAN A PERSON CAN WALK. RADAR (RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING) IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE, BUT WORKS IN ANY KIND OF WEATHER AND HAS SHORT-, MEDIUM-, AND LONG-RANGE CAPABILITIES TO SUPPORT ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL, BLIND-SPOT DETECTION, ETC. IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR PAGE 4 V2V COMMUNICATION VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE COMMUNICATIONS IS A PROPOSED WIRELESS NETWORK IN WHICH AUTOMOBILES SEND MESSAGES TO ONE ANOTHER ABOUT WHAT THEY’RE DOING (E.G., SPEED, LOCATION, DIRECTION OF TRAVEL, BRAKING, LOSS OF STABILITY). WITH A COMMUNICATION RANGE OF 1000 FEET AND THE ABILITY TO RETRANSMIT RECEIVED SIGNALS, V2V COULD POTENTIALLY MAKE CERTAIN THAT DRIVERS ALWAYS HAVE INFORMATION CONCERNING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS A MILE AHEAD. IN AUGUST 2014, THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ANNOUNCED PLANS TO CREATE A NEW FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD REQUIRING V2V COMMUNICATION CAPABILITY FOR LIGHT VEHICLES (PROBABLY BY 2016). IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR PAGE 5 V2I COMMUNICATION THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION IS DEVELOPING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A VEHICLE-TO-INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM. RED LIGHT VIOLATION WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT (RSE) BROADCASTS SIGNAL PHASE AND TIMING (SPAT) MESSAGE, GEOMETRIC INTERSECTION DESCRIPTION, AND GPS CORRECTION IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES IF VEHICLE IS IN DANGER OF VIOLATING A RED LIGHT IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 CURVE SPEED WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS GEOMETRIC AND WEATHER INFORMATION TO INVEHICLE DEVICE IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES APPROPRIATE SPEED FOR THAT PARTICULAR VEHICLE, WITH WARNINGS TAILORED TO SPECIFIC VEHICLE CAPABILITIES STOP SIGN GAP ASSIST ROADSIDE SENSORS DETECT ONCOMING TRAFFIC ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS TRAFFIC STATUS IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES IF THERE IS ANY DANGER FOR VEHICLE ON MINOR ROAD THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR RAILROAD CROSSING VIOLATION WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT CONNECTED WITH EXISTING TRAIN DETECTION EQUIPMENT IN-VEHICLE DEVICE DETERMINES PROBABILITY OF VEHICLE CONFLICT WITH APPROACHING TRAIN AND ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER PAGE 6 MORE V2I COMMUNICATION SPOT WEATHER IMPACT WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT CONNECTED TO REMOTE WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEM (RWIS) WEATHER EVENTS AND LOCATIONS BROADCAST TO VEHICLE IN REAL-TIME IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER IS 376 SEPTEMBER 4, 2014 OVERSIZE VEHICLE WARNING ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS BRIDGE/TUNNEL DIMENSIONS AND DETECTED VEHICLE DIMENSIONS TO OVERSIZE VEHICLE IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER TO TAKE ALTERNATE ROUTE OR A WARNING TO STOP REDUCED SPEED/WORK ZONE WARNING ROADSIDE SENSORS CONNECTED TO TRAFFIC MESSAGE CHANNEL (TMC) AND/OR LOCAL NETWORK IN WORK ZONE ROADSIDE EQUIPMENT BROADCASTS SPEED LIMIT INFORMATION AND WORK ZONE INFORMATION IN-VEHICLE DEVICE ISSUES ALERT TO DRIVER TO REDUCE SPEED, CHANGE LANES, AND/OR PREPARE TO STOP THE RISE OF THE CRASH-PROOF CAR PAGE 7 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Philip E. Ross IEEE Spectrum June 2014 GOOGLE CAR In 2010, Google modified a Toyota Prius with an array of sensors to navigate public roads without a human driver. A rotating sensor on the roof scans more than 200 feet in all directions to generate a precise 3D map of the car’s surroundings. A sensor mounted on the left rear wheel measures small movements made by the car and helps to accurately locate its position on the map. A video camera mounted near the rear-view mirror detects traffic lights and helps the car’s onboard computers recognize moving obstacles like pedestrians and cyclists. IS 376 September 4, 2014 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Four radar sensors, three in front and one in the rear, help determine the positions of distant objects. Page 9 VOLVO SARTRE The expense and complexity of the Google system encouraged Volvo to pursue the Safe Road Trains for the Environment project, using the concept of “platooning”. A driver finds a platoon that’s going the right way by selecting a destination and following the navigation system’s directions. The driver joins the platoon at the rear and the system takes control. When one car leaves the platoon, the following cars automatically close the gap and continue until their drivers decide to peel off and go their own way. A professional drives the platoon’s lead vehicle, which communicates with the following cars by radio. IS 376 September 4, 2014 Drivers in the following vehicles relax. When the platoon approaches their various destinations, each driver pulls to the side and drives on independently. ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 10 VOLVO: MAGNETIC ROADS In February 2014, Volvo unveiled its research on the concept of embedding magnets in roadways as a means of supporting driverless cars. Their conclusion was that, at a cost of $109 per car and $40K per mile on a two-line road, it represents the most economically feasible approach currently in existence. IS 376 September 4, 2014 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 11 SAFETY ISSUE: INATTENTION A recent study by the Highway Loss Data Institute indicates that many vehicles with lane departure warning systems actually experienced an increase in collisions. To some critics, this provides supporting evidence that dependence on such systems may cause drivers to reduce their vigilance during driving. IS 376 September 4, 2014 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 12 SAFETY ISSUE: HACKING Advanced driver assistance systems, such as emergency braking and intersection surveillance, could potentially be invaded by external hackers. Current proposed measures to combat such hacking are primarily variations of the safety and security procedures used in the aviation industry. IS 376 September 4, 2014 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 13 SAFETY ISSUE: IRRESPONSIBILITY Will reliance on advanced safety features result in irresponsible behavior behind the wheel? IS 376 September 4, 2014 ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 14 PREDICTED TIMELINE 1948 2003 2007 2020? 2025? Modern Cruise Control Pre-Crash Mitigation System DARPA Urban Challenge Driverless Traffic Jam Assistance DriverSupported Autonomous 1966 2001 Mechanical Antilock Brakes LaneDeparture Warning 1987 Electronic Stability Control IS 376 September 4, 2014 2010 2018? 2030? Google Car First V2V & V2I Vehicles Fully Autonomous Cars 1995 2012 2014 2032? Adaptive Cruise Control Nevada Autonomous Car Licenses NHTSA Autonomous Rulemaking Half of All New Cars Autonomous ROBOT, YOU CAN DRIVE MY CAR Page 15