Logan Dougherty

• Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA)
• Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA)
• Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR)
• Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probe
• Claimed to reach the surface intact, but disproven shortly after by
USA Mariner 5.
• Pioneer 10 & 11 – Jupiter and Saturn flyby
• Mariner 10 – Mercury flyby
• Voyager 1 & 2 – Outer solar system
• Pathfinder – Mars rover
• Cassini Huygens – Saturn lander
• New Horizons – Pluto and Kuiper belt
• Curiosity Rover – Mars Rover

Above: To the left is the
Mariner 2 and to the right is the Voyager 1.
Right: The New Horizons spacecraft.

• The Space Race
• Main memorable part of the Space Race is the Apollo mission
• Large competition in planetary exploration as well
• Between USA and USSR
• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.html
• As shown above, until the end of the Cold War, USA and USSR competed largely in their attempts to study the moon and the planets.
• Post Cold War, the USSR involvement declined heavily, leaving the USA to dominate the field

$7 000,000
NASA Space Science and Planetary Science Budget, 1959-
2010
($M, adj. to 2010)
$6 000,000
$5 000,000
$4 000,000
$3 000,000
$2 000,000
$1 000,000
$0,000
Space Science Planetary Science

• H OW DID THE SUN ' S FAMILY OF PLANETS AND MINOR
BODIES ORIGINATE ?
• H OW DID THE SOLAR SYSTEM EVOLVE TO ITS CURRENT
DIVERSE STATE ?
• H OW DID LIFE BEGIN AND EVOLVE ON E ARTH , AND HAS IT
EVOLVED ELSEWHERE IN THE S OLAR S YSTEM ?
• W HAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S OLAR S YSTEM
THAT LEAD TO THE ORIGINS OF LIFE ?

• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution”
• Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B
• 21% decrease from FY12 level

• Existence of bodies of water on Mars in the past.
• Atmospheric probes to help determine composition of other planets.
• Missions that help deduce the early evolution of planets and help to explain why our solar system formed how it did.
• Valuable samples of surfaces that offer insight into the formation of that planet.

• Mars
• Signs of water, as discovered by rovers like Curiosity
• Venus
• People used to envision life existing there, but the harsh atmosphere makes it difficult to support life
• Titan
• Liquid lakes of ethane and methane
• Colder than earth
• Atmosphere that consists of more than trace gases

• Kepler mission
• Uses transit method to detect dip in light curves
• Doppler Shift measurements
• Binary Movements
• Hundreds of planets have been discovered
• Planetary Detection is part of the Astrophysics sector of NASA as opposed to the Planetary Science, but offers useful information in the theory of how solar systems evolve.
• Exoplanets are popular
• The idea inspires people and the public is interested in the possibility of finding planets with life

• Blocks out the star’s light to gain a direct view of the planet.
• Can then study the spectra of the planet and gain knowledge of its atmosphere.
• Offers the possibility of finding planets capable of hosting life
• Reasons that policy makers may consider investing:
• While Kepler has produced results, the public keeps hearing about planets and it doesn’t peak their interest.
• This would offer a more definitive statement on the possibility of life, and to see more detailed pictures of the planets, garnering more public support.
• Offers useful knowledge about planet’s in the habitable zone of stars.

• http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2542/25424001.jpg
• http://cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little-
Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpg
• http://jpl.nasa.gov
• http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/
• http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg
• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/ wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gif
• http://ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wpcontent/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg
• http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946-
710.jpg
• http://iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hdwallpaper.jpg?download=1
• http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02445/AV_2445412b.jpg

James L. Green
Director, Planetary Science Division
NASA Headquarters
February 21, 2013

2010
* September 16 – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in PSD
* November 4 - EPOXI encounters Comet Hartley 2
* November 19 - Launch of O/OREOS
2011
* February 14 - Stardust NExT encounters comet Tempel 1
* March 7 – Planetary Science Decadal Survey released
* Completed
* March 17 - MESSENGER orbit insertion at Mercury
* May 5 – Selection of 3 Discovery-class missions for study
* May – Selection of the next New Frontier mission for flight, OSIRIS-REx
* July 16 - Dawn orbit insertion at asteroid Vesta
* August 5 - Juno launch to Jupiter
* August 9 - Mars Opportunity Rover arrives at Endeavour Crater
* September 10 - GRAIL (A and B) launch to the Earth’s Moon
* November 26 – Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launch to Mars
* December 31 – GRAIL A orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon
2012
* January 1 – GRAIL B orbit insertion at Earth’s Moon
* June 6 – Venus transits Sun (last time this Century)
* August 5 – MSL/Curiosity successfully lands on Mars
* August 20 – Selection of Discovery 12 Mission
* September 5 - Dawn leaves Vesta and starts on its journey to Ceres

Planetary Decadal Reports from the
National Academy of Science
20

21
• NASA’s goal in Planetary Science is to “Ascertain the content, origin,
and evolution of the solar system, and the potential for life elsewhere.”
• Planetary Program seeks to answer fundamental science questions:
1.
What is the inventory of solar system objects and what processes are active in and among them?
2.
How did the Sun’s family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate and evolve?
3.
What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable environments?
4.
How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system?
5.
What are characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments that pose hazards and/or provide resources?
Planetary Science accomplishes these goals through a series of strategic-large, medium, small mission and supporting research

Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale)
“ Recommended Program ”
(budget increase for JEO new start)
1)
2)
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped
Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped
3) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP )
4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate
Mission
“ Cost Constrained Program ”
(based on FY11 Request)
1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-
Cacher – descoped
2) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)
“ Less favorable ” budget picture than assumed
(e.g., outyears in FY12 request)
Descope or delay
Flagship mission
Discovery
$500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection
New Frontiers
$1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22
Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)
Technology Development (6-8%)
Current Commitments ( ie: Operating Missions )
22

• For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution”
• Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B
• 21% decrease from FY12 level

$1 600,00
$1 400,00
$1 200,00
$1 000,00
$800,00
$600,00
$400,00
$200,00
$0,00
FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17

MAVEN
Discovery
New Frontiers
LADEE
Mars
R&A
InSight
OSIRIS-REx
Technology
Outer Planets
Mars 2020

 Address high-priority science objectives in solar system exploration
 Frequent opportunities for science community to propose full investigations
 Fixed-price cost cap full and open competition missions

Principal Investigator-led project

Established in 1992

$425M cap per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)
 Open science competition for all solar system objects, except for the Earth and
Sun
 Established in 2003

$1000M cap per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)
 Addresses high-priority investigations identified by the National Academy of
Sciences

Mars evolution:
Mars Pathfinder (1996-1997)
Lunar formation:
Lunar Prospector (1998-1999)
NEO characteristics:
NEAR (1996-1999)
Solar wind sampling:
Genesis (2001-2004)
Comet diversity:
CONTOUR
Nature of dust/coma:
Stardust (1999-2011 )
Comet internal structure:
Deep Impact (2005-2012)
Mercury environment:
MESSENGER (2004-2013)
Main-belt asteroids:
Dawn (2007-2015)
Lunar Internal Structure
GRAIL (2011-2012 )
27

InSight: Interior Structure from Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
28

1 st NF mission
New Horizons:
Pluto-Kuiper Belt
2 nd NF mission
JUNO:
Jupiter Polar Orbiter
3 rd NF mission
OSIRIS-REx
Asteroid Sample Return
Launched January 2006
Arrives July 2015
PI: Alan Stern (SwRI-CO)
Launched August 2011
Arrives July 2016
PI: Scott Bolton (SwRI-TX)
Sept. 2016 LRD
PI: Dante Lauretta (UA)
NF-4 AO in FY15-16

Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-
Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx )
RQ36 - Apollo r ~ 280 m
P ~ 436 days
Science Objectives:
• Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid
• Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy
• Document in situ the properties of the regolith at the sampling site
• Characterize the integrated global properties to allow comparison with ground-based telescopic data of entire asteroid population
• Measure the Yarkovsky effect
• Mission Overview:
• Launch in September 2016
• Encounter asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in
October 2019
• Study RQ36 for up to 505 days, globally mapping the surface
• Obtain at least 60 g of pristine regolith/surface material
• Return sample to Earth in September 2023 in a Stardust-heritage capsule
• Deliver samples to JSC curation facility for world-wide distribution
30

Discovery and New Frontiers Missions Timeline - Current
Missions
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Calendar Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2022
MESSENGER 8-year Phase E Extended Mission
Discovery Missions
Dawn 8-year Phase E
GRAIL
ASPERA-3 6-year Phase E
EPOXI
Strofio
Extended Mission
Hibernation
12 month Phase E (+6 month extension)
InSight
New Horizons 10-year Phase E
New Frontiers Missions
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Juno 10-year Phase E
OSIRIS-REx
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Now
7-year Phase E
2022 2023
Phases Pre-A,A,B,C,D
Phase E
Extended Mission

“ Follow the Water… ”
32

Mars Budget Analysis FY’00 through FY’17
800
700
$M
600
MSL Landing
500
400
300
200
100
Mars Operating Budget FY’00 – FY’12
MSL Delay
Mars President’s
Budget FY’13 – FY’17
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Mars Op Budget FY'00-FY'11
Mars Pres Budget FY'12-FY'17
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
271 451 454 497 553 532 593 607 695 362 438 547 587
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
361
0
228
0
189
0
267
0
503

Operational
2001-2012
Odyssey
MRO
2013 2016 2018
Mars Express
Collaboration
MAVEN
Aeronomy
Orbiter
ESA Trace Gas
Orbiter
(Electra)
“ Seeking Signs of Life… ”
2020 2022
Future
Planning
Opportunity
Phoenix
(completed)
Curiosity –
Mars Science
Laboratory
Spirit
(completed)
InSight
ESA ExoMars
Rover (MOMA)
2020
Science Rover
34
34

• MAVEN and LADEE in final phases of development for 2013 launch dates

• On May 2, 2012, the ESA formally selected JUICE as the first Large-class mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision Program
• The JUICE mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants, characterizing Ganymede,
Europa, and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats
• JUICE will first orbit Jupiter for ~2.5 years, providing 13 flybys of Callisto and
2 of Europa, and then will orbit
Ganymede for 9 months
• Launch is scheduled for 2022 with Jupiter arrival in 2030 and Ganymede orbit insertion in 2032
• NASA will contribute ~$100M in instruments and other support
38

Advanced Stirling Radioistope Generator (ASRG)
• After Discovery 12 selection, working to identify next ASRG mission
• Expectation is that Discovery 13 will provide similar opportunities to test mission enabling technologies (ie: ASRG, NEXT…)
• Two ASRG flight units (F1 and F2) will be completed in 2016
• The completed flight units will go into bonded storage, unfueled, pending a mission decision for flight use
Plutonium-238
• Technology demonstration activities include:
• A qualified Neptunium-237 target for irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (First Np-237 targets irradiated)
• A qualified process for post-irradiation target processing
• A qualified Pu-238 product
• A project plan for scale-up to full-scale production at 1.5-2.0 kg/year
• Project baseline and confirmation by December 2013

Supporting Research & Analysis (R&A) Program Elements
Planetary Science Research
PGG, Cosmochem, PAST, PATM, PME, PIDDP, Origins, PP, LPI, ASTEP,
ASTID, NAI, Exobiology
Near Earth Objects Observation (NEOO)
Planetary Data Systems (PDS)
Astromaterial Curation
Mars Research & Analysis
Mars Data Analysis Program (MDAP)
Mars Fundamental Research Program (MFRP)
Discovery Research
SRLI DAP/LARS (Lab Analysis of Returned Samples)
PMDAP (Planetary Missions DAP)
MESSENGER/Dawn PSP
GRAIL PSP
Outer Planets Research
OPRP, Cassini DAP/PSP
Lunar Science Research
NLSI, LASER, MMAMA, PGG/Cosmo Lunar, LRO PSP
Call for Proposal to these PSD Program Elements comes out in ROSES

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss
43