Understanding Cultural
Differences: The Rotary Youth
Exchange Experience
瞭解文化差異:
扶輪青少年交換經驗
Taiwan Rotary Youth Exchange
TRYEX
Districts 3480 and 3500
Speaker: Dennis White, Ph.D.
Interpreter: PP Water (陳秀津)
This presentation, and a complete copy of
the speech in English are available at
www.yeoresources.org
If viewed on line, where you see underlined
hyperlinks you will be taken to additional
material, usually written articles
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www.yeoresources.org
若線上瀏覽時，超連結底線文字會帶您瀏覽更多
相關文章訊息。
The Rotary Youth Exchange
Experience, a year living and
studying in a new and different
culture, changes students
經過一年的洗禮，在全新且截然
不同的文化中生活與學習，扶輪
青少年交換的經驗改變了學生
Much of the change is due to the
experience of a different culture
and the slow, sometimes difficult
process of adapting
大部分的改變是因為體驗了不同
的文化，以及經歷緩慢，甚至艱
難的適應過程。
In order to adapt successfully to
another culture, the student must
go through identifiable stages of
culture shock, and upon return to
home, reverse culture shock
為了要成功地適應其它文化，學生
必須經歷文化衝擊和歸國後的反文
化衝擊。
But before discussing these topics,
we need to first begin with
“culture”
在討論這些話題之前，我們要先
瞭解何為“文化”
Culture 文化
An integrated system of learned behavior
patterns that are characteristic of any given
society. It refers to the total way of life,
including how people think, feel and behave.
文化是一個具有社會群體特色的學習行為
模式之交互作用體系，其可以反映在生活
各個層面，包括思考模式、情感及行為。
Metaphorically, culture is
the lens through which we
view the world.
隱喻來說，文化如同相機
的鏡頭，我們透過它來觀
看世界
You can’t trust your eyes
when your imagination is
out of focus.
Mark Twain
當你的想像力失焦時，你將不能相
信眼睛所見之事物
馬克‧吐溫
Think of awareness of other cultures
as the same as awareness of color. If
you are color blind, there are certain
colors you cannot see, no matter how
hard you try.
認識其他文化好比認識其他顏色，若
你是個色盲，那麼，不管你多麼努
力也會有看不到的顏色。
If you are “culture blind” you cannot
understand other cultures, no matter
how hard you try
若是你“文化色盲”的話，無論你多
麼努力也無法瞭解其他文化。
The Cultural Iceberg 文化冰山
Conscious behaviors
1/8th above the surface
意識行為
八分之一露出表面
Unconscious
beliefs and
values
潛意識的信念
和價值觀
7/8ths below
the surface
八分之七在地
表以下
When we think we know what we
are seeing or hearing, it is very
easy to make a mistake.
當我們自認為了解自己的所見所聞時，
其實是很容易出錯的
Ethnocentrism 民族優越感
The universal tendency for any
culture to see its own values and
practices as natural and correct.
任何文化都具有一個共同現象
；認為自己的價值觀和做法是
理所當然且正確的。
Ethnocentrism 民族優越感
All cultures are ethnocentric - and
must be to impart their values to
their members.
所有文化都具有民族優越感 - 而且
他們的價值觀必須傳承給其他成員
•
Native American/Canadian First Nation
terms for themselves: Human Beings
美國/加拿大原住民對自己國家的初步定義
為:人類
•
The Mediterranean Sea literally means
“middle of the earth”.
地中海字面的意思為“地球的中心”
•
In Ecuador, the monument at the equator
is roughly translated as “The middle of the
world”
在厄瓜多爾，赤道紀念碑大略翻譯為“世界
的中央”
The ancient name for China is
Zhōngguó (中國 in traditional
Chinese or 中国 in simplified
Chinese). This translates as
"central nation" or (traditionally)
as "middle kingdom".
China的古名為中國(中国)，翻譯為
“中心之國”或傳統上謂為“中央王朝”
• “The world in which you were born
is just one model of reality. Other
cultures are not failed attempts at
being like you. They are unique
manifestations of the human spirit ”.
Wade Davis
‧你所出生的世界只是現實中的其中
一種模式，其他文化並非嘗試模仿
你不成的失敗案例。 其實，它們都
是獨特的人類心靈表現方式
韋德‧戴維斯
In James Hiltons’ novel, Lost Horizon, An
American stranded in Shangri-la says to his Tibetan
rescuer:
“I want to get back to civilization as soon as
possible.”
The Tibetan’s reply:
“Are you so very certain that you are
away from it?”
在詹姆斯希爾頓的小說，消失的地平線裡，有位被
困在香格里拉的美國人對著一位西藏救援者說:
“我想盡快回到文明去”
西藏人回答:
“你真的確定你不在文明的世界裡嗎?”
Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義
The acquired ability to see many
values and behaviors as cultural
rather than universal.
培養一種能力； 以文化的觀點看待
各種價值觀和行為，而非著眼於其
一致性。
Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義
This approach attempts to understand
values and behaviors from the point
of view of that culture, rather than as
right or wrong.
相對民族主義乃試圖從文化的角度
去瞭解不同的價值觀與行為，而非
強調對或錯。
Ethnorelativism 相對民族主義
It assumes that one’s own culture is no
more central to describing and
evaluating reality than any other regardless of one’s strongly held
preferences
相對民族主義的前提是，不再以個人
的自我文化為中心去描述及衡量其他
文化的實際價值，並摒棄強烈的個人
偏愛。
“I see America through a sharper lens
- both her strengths and her
weaknesses and I am tired of people
who uncritically accept everything
American as right.”
American Exchange Student
“我用更清晰的鏡頭去觀看美國 – 包括她
的強項及弱點，對於無條件接受美國一切都
是正確的那些人，我已感到厭倦。”
美國交換學生
Ethnocentrism is similar to
egocentrism.
民族優越感與自我主義相似。
Ethnorelativism is similar to
empathy.
相對民族主義與同理心 (移情作
用)相似。
Ethnorelativism
is
Cultural Empathy
相對民族主義等於文化同理心
(移情作用)
One World or Many.doc
Five Basic Questions Every Culture Must Answer:
每個文化必須回答的五大基本問題:
1. What is human nature?
甚麼是人性?
2. How do humans relate to the environment?
人類與環境的關係如何?
3. What is the time focus of human activity?
人類活動的時間著眼點為何?
4. What is the nature of human activity?
人類活動的性質為何?
5. How do humans relate to one another?
人與人之間的關係如何?
Individualism
個人主義
Formality
體制
Directness
直接
Past
過去
Change
改變
Group Orientation
群體取向
Informality
非體制
Indirectness
間接
Future
未來
Permanence
恆久
1. In some ways, all people are alike.
人類有些地方是相似的
2. In some ways people are like
others in the same group.
在同個團體裡的人，某些地方有共同
性
3. In some ways people are unique.
人類有些地方是有其獨特性的
Change
改變
Permanence
恆久
American Advertising slogan:
美國廣告口號：
At General Electric …
Progress is our most
important product.
在通用電氣公司...
進步是我們最重要的產品。
Islamic Proverb 伊斯蘭諺語
Better 1000 years of tyranny
than one day of chaos.
千年專制勝過於一天的混亂
Saudi anniversary slogan:
沙特週年的口號：
60 years of progress…
六十年的發展…
without change. 未曾改變
Individualism
個人主義
Group orientation
群體取向
Individualism 個人主義
Change
改變
Permanence
恆久
Many MiddleEastern cultures
許多中東文化
Group orientation 群體取向
Formal
Informal
體制的
非體制的
Assumption 假設狀況
Informality = Comfortability.
非體制=舒適。
Reality:真實狀況：
Formality = Comfortability.
體制=舒適。
Directness
直接
Indirectness
間接
The Golden Rule
Do unto others as you would
have others do unto you.
黃金法則
己所欲，施於人
(己所不欲，勿施於人)
The Platinum Rule
Do unto others as they would
have you do unto them.
白金法則
人之所欲，施於人
(人之所不欲，勿施於人)
Culture Shock文化衝擊
The profound sense of
disorientation and discomfort that
comes with extended travel or
living in a foreign culture markedly
different from one’s own.
Culture Shock.doc
在外長途旅行或生活於與原生截然不同的
異國文化裡，而深切的感到迷惑與不安。
Stages of Culture Shock:
文化衝擊的發展階段:
• Initial enthusiasm and euphoria
初期的熱情和興奮
• Irritability and negativism
煩躁和負面思維
• Gradual adjustment and adaptation
逐步調整和適應
• Integration and bi-culturalism
融入與雙重文化
Rotary Youth Exchange
Culture Shock Cycle
文化衝擊週期
PreDeparture
出發前
Months 月(交換時間)
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
Normal
Level of
Feelings
情緒標
準值
Adapted from a model by Robert Kohls
Return 回國...
The Inbound Syndrome
Inbound症候群
The Inbound Syndrome revised.doc
Rotary Youth Exchange
Culture Shock Cycle
文化衝擊週期
Pre-Departure
出發前
Months 月(交換時間)
1 2
…...
3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
Normal
Level of
Feelings
情緒標準
值
Adapted from a model by Robert Kohls
Return 回國
Reverse Culture Shock
(Re-entry Shock)
The often unexpected and difficult period of
disorientation and readjustment experienced
after returning to one’s own culture after an
extended period of living abroad.
So You Think You're Home Now.doc
反文化衝擊
(再次進入衝擊)
長期旅居在外者，再回到原生文化環境
裡， 通常會面臨一段突如其來的困惑與調
適期， 稱之為反文化衝擊。
Most people anticipate some
degree of culture shock. Very
few people believe they will
experience reverse culture shock.
大多數人對文化衝擊有某種程
度的心理準備。但是很少人相
信他們會遇到反文化衝擊。
The Stages of Reverse Culture Shock are
almost the same as those of Culture Shock
反文化衝擊的發展階段與文化衝擊類似
• Initial Euphoria (may be very brief or not
happen at all)
初期的興奮（可能很少，甚至根本不會發生）
• Irritability and Negativism ( may be very lengthy)
煩躁和消極（可能很長）
• Gradual Adaptation
逐漸適應
• True Bi-Culturalism
真正的雙重文化
Normal Distribution of Any Cultural Trait
各別文化特質的常態分配
A typical student
一個典型的學生
Frequency
頻率
(人數)
Amount of Trait 特質強度
Example: Individualism vs. Group Orientation
例如: 個人主義VS.群體取向
Comparing Two Cultures
(on any given trait)
兩種文化比較 (在任何特質上)
In this example, there is some overlap, but the two cultures are
mostly different
在這個例子中，會有些重疊，但這兩種文化大多是有所差異
Culture Shock
文化衝擊
After Adaptation
適應之後
Returning To Home Culture
回到原生的文化
Reverse Culture Shock
反文化衝擊
Returning To Home Culture
回到原生的文化
Culture Shock and Reverse
Culture Shock are not just
unpleasant side effects of
international living.
They are the necessary
ingredients that bring about
quality intercultural education.
文化衝擊和反文化衝擊雖然造成國際
生活某些層面的不愉快，但同時也是
創造多元文化教育品質的必要元素。
“Culture shock pushes me out of my comfort
zone”
“文化衝擊迫使我遠離舒適的情境”
Under pressure, we tend to fall back on
what is comfortable, habitual, and
unconscious.
在壓力之下，我們往往傾向於依賴舒適、習慣與
無慮之所在。
Even when we know how to follow a cultural
practice, and can do it, the tendency is to
fall back.即使我們知道如何遵循相關的文化習
俗，且也有能力達成，但依然傾向於選擇迴避。
When you travel, remember that a
foreign country is not designed to
make you comfortable. It is designed
to make its own people comfortable.
Clifton Fadiman
當你旅行時，請切記；異國環境並非為了讓你舒
適而設計，而是為了讓它自己國家的人民舒適而
設計。
克利夫‧頓法迪曼
How I Have Changed? 我有何改變？
How Have I Changed.doc
An exercise using 44 statements
that have often been identified by
exchange students as significant
changes from the experience.
透過一份由44項提要組成的調查表，
協助學生自我檢視，通常他們因此體
認到扶輪青少年交換經驗帶給他們的
重大改變
How I Have Changed
One student’s response一位學生的心得
My youth exchange year was one of
incredible change and growth for me. In
addition to seeing so much of the rest of the
world, and making such wonderful friends, I
changed in ways I never knew were possible.
在我的交換期間，我成長了許多，也有驚人
的改變。除了在其他的世界開了眼界，結交
許多好朋友，而且我自身的改變，也是我原
先以為不可能發生的。
How I Have Changed
One student’s response一位學生的心得
I am more confident and positive when meeting new
people. I have a greater ability to empathize with
others and to put myself in their place when making
judgments. I have greater willingness to take on new
roles and tasks.
我變得更有自信且積極地結識新朋友。我更
能夠以同理心看待他人，並以他們的角度來
判斷事情。我也更樂意接受新的挑戰和任務
How I Have Changed
One student’s response一位學生的心得
I have more ability to see myself objectively, in a
more realistic context. I understand more fully my
own strengths and weaknesses. I am more tolerant of
ambiguous situations and more open to differing
interpretations of them. I feel greater respect and
appreciation for my family.
我能夠用更實際的思維，更客觀地檢視自
己。我充分了解自己的優點與短處。面臨模
棱兩可的狀況時，我可以寬容面對，並接受
各種不同角度的詮釋解讀。我對家人更加尊
重與感激。
How I Have Changed
One student’s response一位學生的心得
And most of all, I feel more surely that
common bonds unite all human beings.
Thank you, Rotary for the …
best year of my life
而最重要的是；我更加肯定所有人類應該共
同團結。謝謝扶輪社 ...
讓我擁有生命中最美好的一年
The Rebound Prayer歸國後的祈禱
(Finlandia) (芬蘭)
This is my prayer, oh God of all the nations,
A prayer of peace for lands afar and mine,
This is my home, the country where my heart lies,
Here lie my hopes my dreams like stars that shine.
But other hearts in other lands are beating,
With hopes and dreams as true and high as mine.
這是我的祈禱，哦，所有民族的上帝，
為了遠方的土地和我的家園祈禱和平，
這是我的家，我心所依歸的國家，
在這裡我的希望和夢想如星星般閃耀。
但是其他人的心也在他們的土地上顫動著，
懷抱著和我一樣真實而崇高的希望與夢想。
My country’s skies are bluer than the ocean,
And sunlight beams on cloverleaf and pine.
But other lands have sunlight too and clover,
And skies are everywhere as blue as mine.
Oh hear my prayer oh God of all the nations,
A prayer of peace, for their lands and for mine.
我的祖國天空比海洋更加蔚藍，
陽光灑落在野苜蓿和蒼松間。
但異國他鄉也有暖陽和幸運草，
以及如同我故鄉一般湛藍的穹蒼。
這是我的祈禱，哦，所有民族的上帝，
為了遠方的土地和我的家園祈禱和平。
Understanding Cultural
Differences: The Rotary Youth
Exchange Experience
瞭解文化差異:
扶輪青少年交換經驗
Taiwan Rotary Youth Exchange
TRYEX
Districts 3480 and 3500
Dennis White, Ph.D.
dkwhite@itol.com
www.yeoresources.org
Dennis White, Ph.D.
207 S. 4th Ave.
Sturgeon Bay, WI. 54235
Telephone 920-746-1346
Fax 920-746-1347
Email dkwhite@itol.com
For more information,
visit www.yeoresources.org
Q&A
PDG C.T 劉建德
PP Fortune 傅聰敏
頒發感謝狀
Present Appreciation Certificate to Speaker
PDG C.T.
劉建德
致閉會詞
Closing address
PP ENT
陳弘修
全體合影
Group picture
All attendants
禮成
The end