Mamluk(e) Sultanate - in Egypt and Syria
(1250-1517)
Ottoman Sultanate - originally in Asia
Minor (c. 1300-1922)
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1398 or 1526)
Saladin (d. 1193)
mamluk = “owned”
Qipchaq steppe
Baybars (r. 1260-77)
1250 Mamluks seize
power in Egypt
1260 Mamluks defeat
Mongols in Syria
1261 Baybars installs
‘Abbasid caliph in
Cairo
1517 Ottomans oust
Mamluks
Map Link: Rise of the Mamluk Sultanate:
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20sieze%
20power%20-%20base.pdf>
Sultan Hasan Mosque/Tomb/Madrasa
(religious college) Complex,
Cairo (bt. 1356-63)
Map Link: Mamluk Conquest of the Coast:
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Mamluks%20
conquer%20coast%201263-91.pdf>
640s Muslim raids into India begin
Mahmud of Ghazna (r. 998-1030)
Map Link: Muslim India (1100-1400):
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20India%20Muslim
%20Conquest.pdf>
1186-1206 Reign of Ghurid sultan
Muhammad
1206 Qutb al-Din Aybak assassinates
Muhammad, declares self sultan of
Delhi (r. 1206-10)
1206-1398 or 1526 Delhi Sultanate in India
1351-88 Reign of Sultan Firuz
1388-98 Civil war in India
Qutb Complex, Delhi (bt. c. 1206-1388)
Saljuq Sultanate of Rum, c. 1200
Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman
(d. 1326)
Soghut
gazi/ghazi = holy warrior
Map Link: Ottoman Empire to 1512:
<https://cmes.uchicago.edu/sites/cmes.uchicago.edu/files/
uploads/Maps/Map%20-%20Ottomans%20to
%201512.pdf>
1326 Orhan (r. 1326-62) takes Bursa
1361 Orhan takes Edirne
1362-89 Reign of Murat (Murad) I
1389-1402 Reign of Bayezit (Bayezid) I
devshirme system
Janissary, from Yeni Çeri = “New Force”
1395 Bayezit besieges Constantinople
1396 Bayezit defeats crusaders at Nicopolis
Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)
Wali al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad
Famous Muslim historian, sociologist and
philosopher
Born in Tunis, standard religious education
Parents died of plague when he was 17
Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)
Went to court at Fez and took up administrative
position, but soon left it to travel. Had
various adventures and worked in various
courts in Spain and N. Africa
Eventually went to Cairo to escape plot,
arrived 1382
Became popular teacher, held various teaching
and legal positions, incl. occasional work
for Mamluk sultans. Met Timur Lang
Ibn Khaldun (b. Tunis 1332, d. Cairo 1406)
Ambitious, adventurous, ruthless and not
averse to convenient changes of loyalty
Ultimate aim seems to have been revivification
of collapsing Muslim civilisation
Best known for two works:
1. Al-Muqaddima - introduction to
historian’s craft as scientific pursuit
2. Kitab al-‘Ibar - universal history
Ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari (1301-49)
Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari
Born in Damascus into family of bureaucrats
Began career in chancery in Cairo, but
dismissed after quarrel with sultan, and
imprisoned after further quarrel
Soon released and became head of chancery
in Damascus, but dismissed after 3 years
Ibn Fadl Allah al-‘Umari (1301-49)
Died of fever in 1349
Various works. Best known for al-Ta‘rif
bi’l-Mustalah al-Sharif - manual on
administration explaining organisation
of Mamluk empire and manners of
correspondence with various offices
and foreign powers
Anonymous Ottoman Chronicle
Author unknown
Goes up to late
15th c.