Muslim Ummah :
Its Role,
Past, Present and Future,
Challenges and Opportunities
OUT LINE
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Concept of Ummah
The Past_Glorious
The Present_Turmoil
The Future_ ?????
Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah
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Illiteracy
Terrorism
Poverty
Autocracy
Far behind in Science and Technology
No Veto Powers
Concentration of wealth
Redefining the role of women
Causes of debacle
Responsibilities
Suggestions
Problems in implementation
Epilogue
Concept
• The phrase Ummah in the Qur'an refers to all
of the Islamic world unified.
• The Quran says:
– “You [Muslims] are the best nation brought out
for Mankind, commanding what is righteous
(Ma'ruf, lit. "recognized [as good]") and forbidding
what is wrong (Munkar, lit. "unrecognized [as
good]")…” [3:110].
Concept
“The Muslims, regardless of their origin,
irrespective of their geographical boundaries
and racial characteristics are one Ummah”
(The Convenant of Madina)
Pan-Islamism
• Pan-Islamism is a political movement
advocating the unity of Muslims under one
Islamic state — often a Caliphate
• Rreligious nationalism, Pan-Islamism
differentiates itself from other pannationalistic ideologies
Concepts Shared by Intellectuals
• Allama Iqbal:
– All the Muslims beyond any difference of color, caste,
nation, state, ideology at the basis of religion are called
Muslim Ummah.(heads)
• Syed Jamal-ud-din Afghani:
– All the Muslim states constitute Ummah. He was preacher
of Pa Islamism.
• Shah Wali Ullah:
– Muslims belonging to Muslim states only constitute
Muslim Ummah.
• We say. Muslims present in any part of the world are part of
Muslim Ummah.
Introduction
• Muslim Ummah has Glorious History which
Produced;
– Great Generals,Reformers, Thinkers, Scientists,
Scholars and Astronomers
• Today Muslims face a Common Threat of their
Survival
• Rise and fall is a social phenomenon, may be
Muslim Ummah is facing its logical correction
Basis for Unity
• We are all Muslims, we believe in one God i.e.
Almighty Allah, we believe in one Prophet i.e.
Muhammad (Sallallaho Alaihe wa Aal-e-hee
Wasallam) and we all have the book of Allah
i.e. Qur'an
• Allah
• Prophet
• Quran
Early Division
• This difference in approaches on purely a
political issue divided the Muslims
permanently. (Political)
• However, there were no differences among
Muslims regarding Islamic Jurisprudence and
worshipping (Ibadaat).
• If some differences occasionally appeared
among them, they never considered it as a
difference that could divide Muslims.
 Development of Islamic Jurisprudence (The science of
Fiqah), four Ahle Sunnat Imams of Islamic
Jurisprudence, Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Malik, Imam
Shafi'e and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal learnt Islamic
Jurisprudence from Imams of Ahle Bait
 Imam Abu Hanifa was a student of Imam Ja'ffar us
Sadiq
 The major division among Muslims in Jurisprudence
occurred when the Science of Fiqah (Islamic
Jurisprudence) became a formal subject
 The Sunni Muslims were divided into four Madhahib
(ways), HANAFI, MALKI, SHAFI'E AND HANBALI.
 The local nationalism was never preferred over
the worldwide Islamic brotherhood. Imam
Muslim, Imam Bukhari, Imam Trmidhi and many
other Imams and scholars of Islam were non
Arabs but no one felt that they were from n
 Muslims were the leaders in setting up the
standards for the rest of the world. Muslims
were educators, scientists, doctors, engineers,
commanders, etc. Intellectually, morally,
economically, politically and spiritually Muslims
were the leaders and model for other
communities and nations
The Start of Real Disunity
• After almost 13 centuries of Muslim rule, the
focus of Muslim Ummah changed. What
Qur'an describes the attributes of Muslims as,
"They (Muslims) are very kind among
themselves but very hard on Kuffaar".
• Muslims slowly adopted the opposite
attributes. They became very kind to KUFFAAR
and very hard and cruel to
3 important areas hit by the west
 Touheed Cant be changed
 Risalat , West develop and support few Muslims
who are willing to challenge the honour and
authority of Muhammad (peace be upon him).
 Holy Book, we believe that Qur'an is the word of
God and can not be changed. West develop and
support those Muslims scholars who will be able
to provide "new" meanings to the Qur'anic
verses and interpret them "differently"
THE GLORIOUS PAST
00-100
• Period of Nabuwat
• Period of Khilafat
• Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) Iran, Iraq, Palestine and
Egypt were conquered.
• Hazrat Usman (R.A) Afghanistan, Qabris, Tunis and
Moroco were conquered.
• Hazrat Ali (R.A)
– Jang-e-Nehrwan with Kharji, Jang-e-Jaml with Hazrat
Ayesha (R.A) and Jang-e-Safeen with Ameer Muawia.
Cont….
• During the period of Hazrat Ameer Muawia Muslims got
military strength. After Ameer Muawia long chain of
government is being followed.
• Muawia---Yazid---Muawia II---Merwan---Abdul Malik--Waleed Bin Malik
• In the period of Waleed Bin Malik great victories came in part
of Muslims.
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Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered Sindh
Qateebah Bin Muslim Conquered Turkistan
Tariq Bin Ziyad conquered Spain, Portugal
Musa Bin Naseer conquered Undlus, Africa
• After this Islam emerged as power and penetrated in whole
world quickly.
The Great
Hazrat
Umer
(R.A)
Great
Personalities
King
Akber the
great
Alexender
the Great
100-500 AH
• Period of Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
• Hasham Bin Malik ruled over Central Asia,
Roam
• Periodof Khilafat-e-Bnu Abbas
– Haroon-ur-Rasheed laid stress on education and
he developed schools and colleges to spread
education. Muslims got strength in education in
his period.
Cont….
• Bring the period 300-400AH Khilafat was
divided.
• Aal-e-boya Iran
• Fatimi
Egypt
• Ghazni
Alpatagin
• Banu Idrees Africa
• Umvi
Undlus
• From 400-500 AH Shia-Suni split happened.
500-1000 AH
• 500-600 Crusades (Noor-ud-Din Zangi and Salah-uDin Ayubi)
• 600-700 was a period of Tatars attacks and falloff
Baghdad 1258
• First Qibla captured by Crusaders
• 700-800 Ameer Taimoor-Mahood Garan accepted
Islam. And havoc was turned
• 800-900 height of Ottoman Empire
• Rule of Banu Abbass ended in 923 AH
• 900-1000 Saleem Usmani, Ottoman Empire
Fall of Roman Empire
• The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was originally intended to
conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an
invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204 Constantinople,
capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire).
• The Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 by the Fourth
Crusade, when it was dissolved and divided into competing
Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual
recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the
Empire in 1261
1000-1400 AH
• 1000-1100 period of fall
• 1100-1200 wars with Russia, Astria, Attack of
Abdalli,Durrani on India
• 1200-1300 Egypt Vs Ottomans, rebellion in
Bosnia, Napoleon’s attacks, Wahabiz at Hijaz
• 1300-1400 fall of Khilafat
• I-WW, II-WW
Cause of glory
• Muslims enjoyed victories
• They had strong military
• They were at peak in education, justice and
culture
• They were one Ummah
• They had strong economy and Jihad was basic
tool of strong economy.
Jihad is an Economy
Jihad
Self
Finance
Pen
Qittal
Lisan
Social
Economy
Distribution
of Wealth
Education
War
Economy
Media
THE PRESENT
Conflict Ridden Muslim World
• The conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia,
Algeria, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon, Bangladesh,
Iraq,Lebyia, Palestine, Syria
• Think of any !!!
Political Capital
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Organization of Islamic Cooperation-OIC
ECO
Arab League
African Union
UNO 57 Members
Social Capital
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Geostrategic importance
Combine location of most Islamic states
Universal religion
99% literacy rate in CARs, 57 % in Pakistan,
Iran exhibit high scientific publication growth
arte in 2009
• From seven three great : Egyptian, Gandhara,
Indus/Moenjodaro Civilizations are in Muslim
Countries
Economic Capital
• Collective population of member states is 1.6
billion as 2009-10
• Combined GDP of $ 10.104 Trillion
• Turkey had highest GDP on 2010 among OIC
members as $ 729 Billion
• OPEP: Except Venezuela 34% oil contribution
comes from Muslim world
• In Euro Zone, 575 B$ contribution is of Arab
world in insurance banking and stock
exchange.
WORLD ECONOMIES GROWTH RATE
Major Economies
Middle East-Asia
OPEC
South East Asia
Interest Rates
Debt to GDP Ratio
Rank
Country
GDP $Million
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World
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European Union
1
United States
2
China,
3
India
4
Japan
15
Indonesia
16
Turkey
17
Iran
26
Egypt
27
Pakistan
78,852,864
15,788,584
15,064,816
11,316,224
4,469,763
4,395,600
1,122,638
1,054,560
930,236
516,181
489,436
Rank
country
GDP - per capita Date of
(PPP) Information
1
Qatar
$ 179,000
2010 est.
2
Liechtenstein
$ 141,100
2008 est.
3
Luxembourg
$ 82,600
2010 est.
4
Bermuda
$ 69,900
2004 est.
5
Singapore
$ 62,100
2010 est.
6
Jersey
$ 57,000
2005 est.
7
Norway
$ 54,600
2010 est.
8
Brunei
$ 51,600
2010 est.
9
United Arab Emirates
$ 49,600
2010 est.
10
Kuwait
$ 48,900
2010 est.
The Status of Democracy Index (SDI)
• Measures each country's progress toward
democratic governance through multiple
variables
– Governance
– Freedom
– HDI
– Religious liberty.
– Economic Freedom
SDI….
• Only three of these countries—Mali, Guyana, and
Suriname, together representing less than 1 percent
of the Muslims present in the survey group—are
considered full democracies. (Pakistan)
• The rest of the countries in the index are considered
partial democracies or partial autocracies, with four
countries—Chad, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and
Uzbekistan, together representing almost 20 percent
of the population—being full autocracies
• Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa is the
exception rather than the rule
Guns and Butter
• Countries must determine how much of their
money to spend on guns—order and
security—and butter, that is, spending that
enhances social harmony and economic
prosperity. The Status of Democracy Index
score serves to illustrate the guns versus
butter dilemma.
Analysis
• The greater percentage of Muslims a country had
relative to its overall population, the lower its SDI score
• The higher a country's GDP per capita, the lower its SDI
score
• The greater percentage of a country's GDP that is
devoted to military expenditures, the lower its SDI score
• The greater a country's military expenditure percentage,
the lower its SDI
• The greater the percentage of the GDP that is devoted
to its military expenditures
FUTURE
Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah
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Illiteracy
Terrorism
Poverty-HDI
Autocracy-SDI
Far behind in Science
and Technology
• No Veto Powers
• Concentration of wealth
• Redefining the role of
women
• Lack of Institutional
Ijtehad
• Occupied Lands
• War ridden Economies
Causes of Debacles:
• Forgetting Shariah
• Materialism
• Internal conflicts-Division
– Nationalism -Regionalism (Arab, Non Arab or Arab, African)
– Sectarian
• Internal and International conspiracies
• Illiteracy, poverty and conservatism
• Leaving Jihad and spirituality
Cont…
• Acting off beam philosophies including deen-eIlahi,
Wahdat-ul-Wujood, Mootazilla
• Aqeedat and Taqleed, Khangahi approach
• Irrational customs-Innovations and Biddat
• Traitor
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1757, Battle Palassi, Nawab Siraj-ud-Dola
1799, Saranga Patam, Tipu Sultan
1857, Dehli, Bahadur Shah Zafar
1739, Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk
• Meer Jaffar was traitor of Tipu Sultan and Meer Sadiq was traitorof
Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk
Responsibilities of Ummah:
• Understanding, implementation and
preaching of shariah- Religious
• Establishment of Khilafat/Shariah-Political
• Jihad-Economic
• Ijtehad-Educational
Recommendations
• Attainment of Veto power by Muslim countries
• Islamic banking system, which ensures a system of
interest and exploitation free principles
• Effective Political role of OIC
• Collective media of all countries to protect Muslim
world
• Common currency
• Less reliance on USD
• Common trade market
• Common court of justice
• Institutional Ijtehad
Problems in implementing solutions
• Linguistic issues
• Inter and intra country Economic disparity
• Leadership crises
– Political, military and economic strengths are
distributed. Iran is politically strong, Pakistan had
influential military, and KSA is economically rich,
Together Muslim world can bring revolution
• Disparity between population and physical area
Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Political Problems
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Territorial Disputes
Ethnic Clashes
Dictatorships
Monarchies
Fragile Political Governments
Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Economic Problems
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Muslims Represents 1/5th of World’s Population,
Possess 70% of World’s Energy Resources, 40%
of available raw material
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The Total GDP of Muslim Countries = 5% of World’s
GDP
Entire GDP of OIC States = 1200 Billion US $ and Japan
= 5500 Billion US $
Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Social Problems
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Nationalism and Sectarianism
Jihad and Terrorism
Absorption of Foreign Culture
Clash of Civilization
Challenges Faced by Muslim Ummah
Educational Decay
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Lack of Creativity and Innovation
Failure to Promote Technical Education
Failure to Educate Women
Conclusion
• According to the Question
• Good Governance Models of
– Pakistan-Army and Nuke
– Turkey- Modernization
– Iran-Oil and Political Will
– KSA_ Religion and Economy
– Malaysia-Development and Governance