QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 14 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali SINGLE, DUAL & PLURALFORMS State of DHAMMA State of FATHA State of KASRA Single مفرد KITAABON كتاب KITAABAN كتابا KITAABIN كتاب Dual مث ّنى MOSLIMAAN مسلمان MUSLIMAYN مسل َمين MUSLIMAYN مسل َمين Male intact plural جمع مذكر سالم MUSLIMOON مسلمون MUSLIMEEN مسلمين MUSLIMEEN مسلمين MUSLIMAATIN مسلمات MUSLIMAATIN مسلمات REJAALAN رجاال REJAALIN رجال Female intact plural MUSLIMAATON جمع مؤنث سالم مسلمات Broken plural جمع تكسير REJAALON رجال Female intact plural(ت+(أ • For example: ( مومنةbeliever woman) becomes مومنات (believer women). • A noun (non-adjective) is put into the feminine intact plural form if: A. it is a female proper name, even if it does not end in the feminine tā’. For example: ِهند, مريمbecomes .مريمات B. it is a infinitive that has more than three letters. For example: تعريف, (إحسانdefinition) becomes تعريفات (definitions). إحسانات C. it is a noun (masculine or feminine) that ends in one of the feminine letters. For example: جميلة,َو َر َقة (paper) becomes ( َو َرقاتpapers) جميالت. Further examples • An adjective (derived –MOSHTAQ) is put into the feminine intact plural form if it ends in one of the feminine letters. for example: .( معدوداتfew numbers), ( َکبيرةbig female) becomes ( َکبيراتbig females). masculine non-intellectual beings in the minimized form, for example: ( ُد َريهماتfew pennies) Exceptional rules for female intact plural • maqs ūr and mamdūd nouns; the same actions taken in the dual form apply in the sound feminine plural as well, for example: و فُضلَيات و َر َح َيات ص َوات َ صحراوات و َع. )صحراء,عصا,رحى,(فضلى • Triliteral nouns (non-adjectives) whose first root (FAA of the word) letter has a fath ah; if the second root letter is sound and does not have a vowel sign then it is given a fath ah, for example: َت َم َراتwhich was .مرة َ َت (TAMRAHTAMRAAT) Exceptional on Dual ( – )مث ّنىEnds with Noon( )نand is possessed If it ends with Noon and is possessed (Modhaaf), the noon will be removed. Katabaan Mohammadin كتابان محمد: two books of Mohammad • Katabaa/ Katabay Mohammadin • كتابي محمد/كتابا Dual ( – )مث ّنىExceptions • The following are originally dual and do not have a single form. They are not suffixed with Alif and Noon: • Isnaan (2)اثنان • Isnataan (2) – Femaleاثنتان • Sintaan (2) Female – Some use it ثنتان Killa / Kilata • كالKILAA – Both (Male ) • كلتاKILTA: Both (Female) • You must use كالKILAA / كلتاKILTA with a definite noun or attach it with a dual pronoun • كلي الرجُلين/ كالKilaa/ KILAY Ar-Rajulayn / • كليهما/ كالهماKilahuma/kilayhima • (both two men) Male Intact Plural -Regular • Male Intact Plural cannot be applied to nouns ending with a suffix (ta): Fatimah فاطمة • Male Intact Plural cannot be applied to a compound statement : Abdullah عبدهللا, Hamzah حمزء • And cannot be for foreign nouns أبراهيم • Male Intact Plural cannot be for original Female. Zainab زينب,Wet Nurse مرضع,Pregnant وحمراء BROKEN PLURALS • A broken plural is a plural where the original letters of the word are reformed by either adding or decreasing at least one letter i.e. breaking the original noun and not keeping it intact as in male/female intact plural and dual forms. example: (کتابbook) becomes ( ُکتبbooks). • or by changing the form –vowel signs (USDON), • Therefore there are three types of broken plurals: A. by changing the verbalization of the word, for example: أسد َ (ASADON) (lion) becomes ( أُسدUSDON) (lions). B. by erasing one of the letters of the word, for example: َرسول (messenger) becomes ( ُرسُلmessengers). C. by adding letters to the word, for example: ( َرجُلman) becomes ( ِرجالmen). Standard forms for certain nouns • Broken plural forms for some nouns : A. َف َعلbecomes فِعال, : (ج َملcamel) becomes جمال َ ِ (camels) B. فِ َعلbecomes أفعال, : (ع َنبgrape) becomes ( أعنابgrapes) ِ C. َف ِعلbecomes أفعال, : ( َک ِتفshoulder) becomes أکتاف D. فِعلbecomes أفعال, : (طفلchild) becomes ( أطفالchildren) ِ E. فُعلَةbecomes فُ َعل, : (عُل َبةbox) becomes ( ُعلَبboxes) F. فِعلَةbecomes فِ َعل, : حرفة ِ (occupation) becomes ح َرف ِ G. فاعل ِ becomes َفواعل, :( خا ِتمring) becomes ( خواتمrings) H. فاعلةbecomes َفواعل, ( قائمةleg) becomes ( قوائمlegs) I. فعيلةbecomes َفعائل, ( قبيلةtribe) becomes ( قبائلtribes) J. فعيلةbecomes َفعايل, ( مکيدةscheme) becomes مکايد K. ِمف َعلbecomes فاعل ِ َم, نجل َ ( ِمsickle) becomes جل ِ ( َمناsickles) L. ِمفعالbecomes َمفاعيل, ( ِمفتاحkey) becomes ( َمفاتيحkeys) • All quadriliteral nouns where a long vowel is added before its last letter become: • َفعاليل, for example: عُصفورbecomes َعصافير Broken plural forms for adjectives • Standard forms for some adjectives (derived nouns): A. أف َعلwhich becomes feminine in the following form َفعالءbecomes ( فُعلFUO’LON) , for example: أح َمر (red) becomes حُمر B. أف َعلwhich is the comparative/superlative form becomes أفاعل ِ (AFAAE’L), for example:ضل َ ( أفbetter) becomes أفاضل , أکبرbecomesأکابر ِ ِ Few rules of broken plural 1. فاعلة ِ becomes َفواعلor فُعَّل, for example: عا ِذلةbecomes و َعوا ِذل ع َُّذل 2. َفعيلwhen it means subject becomes أفعال, for example: َشريف = أشراف, if it indicates a character trait it becomes فعال و فُ َعالء, for example: َکريمbecomes کرام و ُکرماء, 3. and if it is a double-lettered word or a defective word it becomes ( أفعالءAFE’LAA), for example: شقيbecomes أشقياء 4. َفعيلif it has the meaning of object indicating becomes علی َ َف for example: جريحbecomes رحی َ َج 5. َفعُولmeaning subject becomes أفعال, for example:عدو becomes أعداء 6. َفعالنbecomes فُعالیor فِعال, for example: drunk = سکران سُکاری, = غضابangry غضبان Broken plural from the aspect of the quantity • There are two types of broken plurals: a plural of small number)(قلة, which is a plural that indicates three to ten, and a plural of large number ((كثرة, which is a plural that indicates three or more. • There are four forms for the plural of small number: 1. أفعُل, for example: أنفُسsouls 2. أفعال, for example: , أجداد, grand fathers 3. أف ِعلَةfor example: أعمدَة, pillars 4. ِفعلَة, for example ِفت َية. Youth Any other form used as a broken plural is a plural of large number. These forms are used interchangeably (KATHRA for QILLAH and vice versa) metaphorically. • Plural of the plural The form of a plural of a plural is any plural where after there are two letters with vowel signs after an added alif, for example: دَ را ِهم, or if a yā’ falls in between three letters, for example: .ريا ِحين • A plural is made plural to increase the number of whatever it is making plural, for example: األياديwhich is the plural of األيدي which is the plural of .اليد • Two forms that are used to make a plural of plural in the same way that a singular noun is made plural according to its form: 1. أنمل= أناملfinger tips 2. أظفار = أظافيرnails • Plural in its origin indicates a group which has no singular for it . َشعبbut these can be made plural in the same way as singular nouns according to their forms, as an example the plural of قوم becomes .أقوام • Plural by removal of tā’, for example احة َ ُت َّفا َح= ُت َّف, or a yā’, for example: .أفرنج=إفرنجي َ