Dr. Nancy Sue Laminack
Literacy and Evangelism International
PHONICS
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Teaches how to pronounce
words by using Individual
components.
For some learners the
phonics approach works
best.
WHOLE LANGUAGE
Relies on reading
comprehension and
context
 Relies on memorizing the
sounds of words
 Works well for learners
who learn patterns
intuitively
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1.Independent Level
( can read without help from teacher)
2. Instructional Level
(can read with help from the teacher)
3. Frustration Level
( text is too difficult and reader can not get
meaning from the text)
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Advocate a combination of both phonics
instruction and whole language.
Why? Each has its drawbacks when used
exclusively.
When combined: The two theories
complement each other
Firm Foundation: Phonics Based
Language Experience: Whole Language
Based
 Consonants:
 Blends
 Diagraphs
 Trigraphs
 Vowels
 Long
 Short
 Schwa
 R-Controlled
 Dipthongs
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Phonics rules teach how to pronounce
English words.
Learner must be taught meaning of words.
Learner acquires meaning when given text
suitable to his or her current understanding of
pronunciation.
PHONIC RULE: EXAMPLE
EXCEPTIONS TO RULE:
Two vowels go together:
 First one does the talking
(it says its name)
 The second one does the
walking (it is silent)
 Rain
 Seed
 boat
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Words such as:
Maul
Boil
Steak
Height
SO REMEMBER THESE
RULES ARE GENERALIZED
BECAUSE ENGLISH IS
BORROWED FROM MANY
DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.
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Sometimes rules do not work
Every syllable in every word must have a vowel
/c/ followed by “e, i, or y” has the soft sound
as if it is /s/: central, city and cyst
/g/ followed by “e, i, or y” has the soft sound as
if it is /j/: gem, gym, and gist
A consonant digraph is two consonants
joined together and form one sound
( ch, sh, th, ph, and wh)
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When syllable ends in a consonant and has one
vowel, the vowel is short
(fat, bed, fish, spot, and luck)
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When syllable ends in a silent /e/ that is a signal
that the vowel in front of it is long.
(make, gene, kite, rope, and use)
When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first
vowel is usually long and the second is silent.
(pain, eat, boat, rescue)
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Diphthongs do not follow this rule. The
diphthongs are: oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oo, and
many others. These vowels blend together to
create a single new sound as in: boy and out
When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the
only vowel, that vowel is usually long.
▪ ( me, I, he, my)
When a vowel is followed by an /r/ that vowel is
“r-controlled”
( ar, or,er,ir, and ur usually sound like er
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Words that do not follow the rules
Words must be memorized
Words are often called “outlaw words or rule
breakers”
Examples: the, are, you, to, do, who, what,
was, whom, again, against, says, said, been,
of, from, son month, front, some love, other,
money and among.
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A sound made by the free movement of air
through the mouth.
The vowels are:
a, e, i, o, and u
Each vowel has three sounds: A long sound, a
short sound and the schwa sound.
The long sound is the same as its name.
The schwa is the sound of a vowel in an
unstressed syllable.(∂)
about, item, gallop, and circus
LONG VOWEL SOUNDS
SHORT VOWEL SOUNDS
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(ā) as in ape, snail, ache,
train
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(ă) as in at, apple, taxi,
tackle
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(ē) as in eat, needle, teach
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(ĕ) as in elm, egg, dentist, den
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(ī) as in eye, cry, tile, violin
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(ĭ) as in it, gift, hit, indian
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(ŏ) as in hop, chop, pop,
octopus
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(ŭ) as in up, cut, subtract,
umbrella
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(ō) as in oh, domino, pillow,
boat, toe
(ū) as in you, salute, goose
(ar) sound as in: car, guitar, Arthur
 ( ar) sound as in: care, bear, mare, scare,
aquarium
 *(ur) sound as in: fur, burn, turnip
 *(ir) sound as in: bird
 (or) sound as in: for, manor, observatory,
author, orchard, fork
 * (er) sound as in: her, butter, cutter, and
mother
* Same Sound
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W
Y
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may substitute for a vowel
May be the only vowel in a
word or syllable
Such as in:
(gym, why, my, try, baby)
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May substitute for a vowel
It will always follow:
A (as in: paw)
E (as in: new)
O (as in: grow)
Consonants
Speech Sounds
(phonemes)
Made by partially or
completely blocking
the vocal air stream
Letters (graphemes)
that represent such
sounds.
Most consonants
have one sound
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Some Consonants Have Multiple
Sounds:
C2
1.can make the hard sound /k/as in:
cat, coat, cut, music
2. the /s/ soft sound as in:
city, cent, cycle
G2
1. can make the hard /g/ sound as in:
get, gate, got, gun
2. and the soft /j/ sound as in:
gem, gentle, giraffe
S2
1.can make the /s/ sound as in: sit
2.and the /z/ sound as in: has
X3
can make the sound of:
1. /ks/ as in “box”
2./gs/ as in “exact”
3. /z/ as in “xylophone, xerox
Q2
1. Kw queen
2. K
critique
“q” is always followed by a “u” and another
vowel
Y3
1. As in baby
2. As in my
3. As in Yellow
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“b” as in bat
Hard “c” as in cat
Soft “c” as in city
“d” as in dog
“f” as in fat
Hard “g” as in goat
Soft “g” as in gem
“h” as in hat
“j” as in jam
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“k” as in kite
“l” as in lap
“m” as in mad
“n” as in nap
“p” as in park
“q” as in queen
“r” as in race
“s” as in sit
“s” as in has
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“t” as in tap
“v” as in van
“w” as in wet (can also act as a vowel)
“x” as in box exact and xylophone
“y” as in yet (can also act as a vowel)
“z” as in zip
Consonant Blends
Hear
Both
Sounds
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“bl” as in blend
“cl” as in class
“fl” as in flake
“gl” as in glory
“pl” as in play
“sl” as in sloppy
“R” BLENDS
“br” as in brown
 “cr” as in crash
 “dr” as in drive
 “fr” as in freedom
 “gr” as in green
 “pr” as in pray
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“S” BLENDS
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“sl” as in slogan
“sm” as in smart
“sn” as in snail
“sp” as in special
“st” as in stop
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“shr” as in shroud
“spl” as in splash
“spr” as in spring
“squ” as in squid
“str” as in strap
“thr” as in throw
DIGRAPHS
ONE SOUND: TWO LETTERS:
“ch” as in church
 ‘ck” as in chick
 “ff” as in cliff
 “gh” as in ghost
 “gn” as in gnarled
 “kn” as in knife
 “ll” as in wall
 “ng” as in fang
 “nk” as in sink
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“ph” as in phone
 “qu” as in quick
 “sh” as in shark
 “ss” as in floss
 “th” as in bath
 “th” as in this
 “wh” as in which
 “wr” as in write
 “zz” as in fuzz
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Trigraphs One Sound Three Letters
“chr” as in chrome
“dge” ad in partridge
“tch as in catch
K before n as in
 G before n as in
 P before n
as in
 P before s
as in
 W before r as in
 T before ch as in
 D before ge as in
 T between sl as in
 H after k
as in
 H after r
as in
 N after m
as in
 Y following a as in
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know
gnat
pneumonia
psychology
write
catch
hedge
whistle
khaki
rhyme
column
may, bay, lay, day, gay, hay,jay,pay
Vowels
Consonants
Consonants Blends
Schwa Vowels
Long Vowels
Consonants Digraphs
Diphthongs Vowels
Short Vowels
Consonants Trigraphs
R-controlled vowels