CHAPTER 14: THE
REFORMATION
LESSON 1: TROUBLE FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
MAIN IDEAS
The Catholic Church was weakened by internal
conflict.
People began to question and speak out
against some Church practices.
Reformation begins as a result of Martin
Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.
THE GREAT SCHISM
EQ: How did internal differences weaken the Church?
FRENCH POPES
• In the 1300s, growth of nation-states weakened Church’s
power. Powerful monarchs forced the Church to support
their policies
• Clement V Pope in 1305; Philip IV moved papacy to
France
• The popes who led the Church after Clement V were
French. European leaders felt the French king controlled the
pope
Avignon
Pisa
Rome
THE GREAT SCHISM
RQ: How did the Great Schism weaken the Church?
A STRUGGLE FOR POWER
• Two power centers developed: Rome, Italy and Avignon, France
• Great Schism—1378 split between the two sides; each elected own
pope. Each pope demanded obedience, excommunicated other pope’s
followers
HEALING THE CHURCH
• Holy Roman Emperor held conference to end the schism and reform
Church. Emperor was Roman Catholic & ruled much of Central Europe.
• In 1417, conference removed all popes; agreed to elect Pope Martin V
CRITICISM OF THE
CHURCH
EQ: Why did people begin to question some Church
practices?
A CORRUPT CHURCH
• As Church healed after schism, reforms faltered, distrust
grew
•Church owned 1/5 to 1/3 of European land; Church paid no
land taxes
• Reformers objected to buying indulgences —pardons for
sins; objected to Church’s excesses
Leo X (de’ Medici)
Cardinal @ age 13;
Pope @ age 38;
"Let us enjoy
the papacy
since God
has given it to us.”
"In the authority of all the
saints,
and in compassion towards
thee,
I absolve thee
from all sins and misdeeds,
and remit all punishment for
ten days.” Johannes Tietzel
St. Peter’s would
keep the papacy
in Rome.
CRITICISM OF THE
CHURCH
RQ: What sort of reforms did critics of the Church
demand from the 1300s through the 1500s?
REFORMERS TAKE A STAND
Reformers such as Erasmus (Holland), Hus (Czech),
Wycliffe (England), Savanarola (Italy) criticized Church
practices & neglect of focus on Christian values
Reformers questioned pope’s taxes, simony (selling
positions in the church for money), etc.
Church criticized & executed reformers
John Wycliffe
English Bible
1320-1384
John Hus
Read the Word!
1369-1415
Girolamo
Savonarola
1452-1498
Erasmus
Let’s Get Along!
1466-1536
LUTHER CONFRONTS THE
CHURCH
EQ: Who is credited with beginning the Reformation?
MARTIN LUTHER
Ideas of German born Martin Luther led the reform movement
Luther was nearly struck by lightning as a young man; vowed
to become a monk, tried to live by Church instruction
Envisioned a merciful God rather than an angry, vengeful God
Believed salvation only came through faith in Christ
Born
1483
Erfurt University
1501-7
Scala Sancta
Erfurt Monastery 1505-11 in Rome 1511
Lightning
1505
Wittenberg
University
1512-46
F I VE
S
O
L
A
S
LUTHER CONFRONTS THE
CHURCH
RQ: What were important ideas from the Reformation?
LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES
Luther wrote his issues with the Church in Ninety-Five Theses
(1517) and wanted to debate ideas such as selling of indulgences
Bible is source of religious truth; clergy interpretation not needed
Salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ
Protestant—Christian “protestors” who broke with Church after 1529
Reformation—Protestant movement of opposition to Catholic
Church
The first 2 of the theses contained
Luther’s central idea, that God
intended believers to seek
repentance and that faith alone,
and not deeds, would lead to
salvation. The other 93 theses, a
number of them directly
criticizing the practice of
indulgences, supported these
first two.
LESSON SUMMARY & SO
WHAT
LESSON SUMMARY
The Great Schism weakened an already divided Church.
From the 14th through the 16th centuries, many Christians were troubled
by the way the Church earned and spent its income.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Martin Luther unintentionally
became the leader of a revolutionary attack on the Roman Catholic
Church.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . .
Competition between Catholics and Protestants in Europe caused each
to try and spread their version of Christianity throughout the world.
Today, Catholics and Protestants are found on every continent.
CH. 14: THE REFORMATION
Lesson 2 Reform and Reaction
MAIN IDEAS
The spread of Luther’s ideas changed European
politics.
Different Protestant movements developed
quickly throughout Europe.
The Catholic Church developed new ways to
spread its message and counter the spread of
Protestantism.
LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREAD
EQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s ideas?
THE PRINTED WORD
Luther’s ideas spread by trade routes, priests,
worshipers, and printing
Printers began making Bibles in local languages (not
just Latin)
More people read, interpreted Bible; Catholic Church
felt religious teaching must be from clergy
1500
The first Spanish Bible.
1501
Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Papal Bull of Pope Alexander VI is published, being the first censorship list of printed books.
1506
Jacobus Sacon of Lyons, France prints his first edition of the Latin Bible.
1512
Epistles and Gospels published in Spanish by Ambrose de Montesian.
1514 -18
First Polyglot Bible, Cardinal Ximenes' Complutensian Polyglot; Printed at Alcala de Henares by De Brocar; contains only noble
style of Greek employed between the invention of printing and recent times; contains first Hebrew Bible published by Christians, and first
separately printed Greek New Testament.
1515
Latin translation 'after the Hebrew' of the Psalter by Felix Pratensis. (additional info courtesy Dick Wursten of Antwerp, Belgium)
1516
First Polyglot portion of Bible, the Genoa Psalterium (Book of Psalms)
1516
Desiderius Erasmus' (1466-1536) first Greek New Testament. Printed and published by Froben in Basel; said to have had greater
influence on Tyndale than either the Vulgate or Luther.
1517
First Biblia Rabbinica (Venice), printed by Daniel Bomberg, and included the Targum and other traditional explanations.
1518
First separate complete Greek Bible, printed and published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, being the Greek text of the Septuagint,
translated by Erasmus.
1522
Latin Paraphrase New Testament (Erasmus)
1522
First Dutch New Testament
1522
Wolff's Bibliorum
1522
First German New Testament of Martin Luther (Wittenberg)
1524
First Danish New Testament - published in Leipzig, Germany. Translated by Hans Mikkelsen (former mayor of Malmo, Denmark) and Dr.
Kristian Winther, from the Vulgate and Luther's German translation; both Mikkelsen and Winther were allies of exiled Danish King Christian II.
Mikkelsen's preface defends the King and attacks his foes, which caused the book to be banned in Denmark; later copies omitted the preface and
were sent to Denmark, becoming popular; critics of this poorly translated work called it "neither German nor Danish."
1525
In Cologne, Germany, William Tyndale completes the New Testament, translated directly from the Greek into English; Printed by Peter
Quentell in 4to (Quarto), and finished in 8vo (Octavo) at Worms office of Schoeffer; of 6000 copies printed, 3 copies exist of the original octavo
edition (one at Baptist College, Bristol; one at St. Paul's, London; and the third ?); a mere fragment (31 leaves) of the quarto edition survives in
the British Museum; there were 40 reprinted editions before 1566. This is the first printed book to be officially banned in England.
1526
First complete Dutch Bible
1526
First Edition of the First complete Swedish translation of the New Testament by Olaus Petri, the great reformer of the Church of
Sweden, assisted by Archdeacon and fellow-reformer Laurentius Andreae; translation made from the edited Greek text of Erasmus and Luther's
German translation of 1522; printed on the King's Royal printing press in Stockholm, bearing the Swedish national coat-of-arms on the last page
LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREAD
EQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s ideas?
THE PEASANTS’ REVOLTS
Peasants sought better pay, living conditions,
rights
Peasants saw Luther’s challenge as antiauthority and rebelled
Luther condemned these revolts, which were
mostly unsuccessful
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-reformations-impact-on-germany.html#lesson
LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREAD
RQ: Why did religious division have such a dramatic political
impact?
RELIGIOUS WARS
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made Luther an
outlaw in 1521
Many Lutheran princes waged war on Charles V
Lutheran, Catholic princes signed Peace of
Augsburg treaty in 1555
Lived 1500-1558 - Holy Roman emperor
(as Charles V,1519–56), king of Spain
(as Charles I, 1516–56), and archduke
of Austria (as Charles I, 1519–21)
Matthäus
Schwarz, (14971574)
accountant from
Augsburg,
Germany, who
recorded his
clothes in Book
of Clothes, wore
this to a
reception for
Charles V.
THE REFORMATION
GROWS
EQ: What were some of the different Protestant
movements that developed throughout Europe?
CALVINISM
John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer, theologian; wrote
Institutes & Commentaries
Established Geneva Switzerland as a center of the
Reformation
Geneva Bible (1560 / English) became the Bible of the
Reformation and the Bible the pilgrims brought to America
THE REFORMATION
GROWS
RQ: How did the Reformation affect England?
THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII wanted a
divorce. Pope Clement VII refused and Henry left the Roman
Catholic Church
Henry founded the Church of England (Anglican Church); kept
Catholic traditions but rejected power of pope
William Tyndale (1494-1536) First to translate NT into English in
1526; executed
H
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8th
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THE COUNTER
REFORMATION
EQ: What was the Counter Reformation?
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
High-level Church officials met (1545-1563) to reform and define
Catholic faith
Protestants: truth only in Bible; Council: truth in Church tradition
too
THE JESUITS
Jesuits—Society of Jesus; religious order formed in 1530s by
St. Ignatius of Loyola (Spain); focus on education; training was
military-like
Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
ἸΗΣΟΥ͂Σ ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ
THE COUNTER
REFORMATION
RQ: What tools did the Catholic Church use against the spread of
Protestantism?
THE INQUISITION
Inquisition—court investigated any who “wandered” from
Catholicism; being a Protestant was a punishable sin
Tactics? Tell the accused that the stake awaited him if he would not
confess; Solitary confinement, possibly emphasized by limiting food;
“Friendly” persuasive visits by men who previously confessed;
Torture
Church identified and burned forbidden books like Protestant Bible
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAn7baRbhx4&feature=player_embedded
LESSON SUMMARY & SO
WHAT
LESSON SUMMARY
Printing in local languages helped spread Luther’s ideas. These
ideas sparked revolts and wars.
New faiths emerged during the 16th century, as people began to
interpret the Bible in different ways.
The Counter Reformation was a movement of internal renewal as
well as a response to the spread of Protestantism.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . .
Both Protestant and Catholic churches have widespread influence
throughout the world today.