Books and Treatises
ALWD Citation Manual Rule 22
Copyright 2003, 2006. Darby Dickerson. Permission given to use for educational purposes.
Application
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Rule 22 applies to:
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Books
Treatises
Pamphlets
Published reports
Similar sources
Components of Full
Citation (in order)
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Author’s name,
Title
Pinpoint reference
Editor (if applicable),
Translator (if applicable),
Edition (if applicable),
Publisher
Printing number (rarely included)
Date.
Rule 22.1: Author’s Name
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Include the author’s full name as it appears on the source
(usually on the title page).
 John B. Smith
G. Jane Jones
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For two authors: Separate names with an ampersand (&).
 John B. Smith & G. Jane Jones
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For three or more authors: Separate names with a
comma, but insert an ampersand between the last two.
 John B. Smith, Michael B. Taylor & G. Jane Jones
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Include designations such as Jr. and III, but not degree
information (such as J.D.) or titles (such as Hon. or Dr.).
Rule 22.1(a)(3): Organizational
Authors
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Abbreviate all words in the name that appear
in Appendix 3; you may omit prepositions that
are not needed for clarity.
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Example: National Distribution Organization
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Becomes: Natl. Distrib. Org.
Example: Stetson University College of Law
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Becomes: Stetson U. College L.
Rule 22.1(b): Title
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Always italicize the title (also see ALWD Rule 1).
Retain the original spelling in the title (ALWD
Rule 3).
Conform all titles to ALWD Rule 3 on
capitalization.
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Prepositions, articles, and conjunctions normally are not
capitalized.
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See new chart in ALWD third edition listing commonly used
prepositions.
Nouns, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs are always
capitalized.
Titles – continued
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Typically include subtitles.
Place only one space between a
colon that separates a title from a
subtitle.
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Omit colon if main title ends in a
question mark or exclamation point.
If the cover page or title of a book
does not include punctuation
between a title and subtitle, add a
colon in the citation.
Titles – continued
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Do not put a comma after the title unless the
title ends with a numeral.
Examples:
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William L. Burdick, Handbook of the Law of Real
Property § 56 (West 1914).
Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children: Parent-Child
Relations from 1500 to 1900, at 30 (Cambridge U.
Press 1983).
Rule 22.1(c): Pinpoint References
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For multi-volume sets, include the volume
number after the title.
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Criminal Law vol. 2
Note: This rule differs from the Bluebook rule. In the
Bluebook, a volume number falls before the author’s name.
Also include “smaller” pinpoint references, such
as section numbers, paragraph numbers, or
page numbers. (ALWD Rules 5-7 & 9)
Separate pinpoints with a comma:
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Criminal Law vol. 2, § 21(a), 112
Rule 22.1(d): Editor’s Name
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Include listed editors, even if there is an author
(you can have both in a citation).
An editor’s name falls first in the date
parenthetical and is followed by the abbreviation
“ed.” for one editor and “eds.” for multiple
editors.
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(John H. Smith ed., West 2006).
(John H. Smith & Carlos J. Paz eds., Aspen Publishers
2006).
Write editors’ names just as authors’ names –
use the name as it appears on the source (ALWD
22.1(a)).
Rule 22.1(f): Editions
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If there is an edition – and it is not the first
edition – cite it in the parenthetical immediately
after the editor.
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If there is no editor, edition information comes
first.
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(John H. Smith ed., 3d ed., West 2005).
(2d ed., Found. Press 2006).
Include a printing within an edition only if it
contains significant changes that affect the
substance of the cited material (ALWD Rule
22.1(g)).
Rule 22.1(i): Publisher’s Name
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Always include the publisher’s name.
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Abbreviate any word listed in Appendix 3.
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U. Chi. Press
The publisher name falls after the editor and
edition (if any).
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Note: Because the Bluebook does not require this
information, cite and sourcers will need to take care to add
this information for all books and similar sources.
(Carlos J. Paz, 7th ed., Lexis 2005).
Do not insert any punctuation after the
publisher’s name.
Rule 22.1(j): Date
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The date should be the final
component in the parenthetical.
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Include the most current year listed
on the copyright page.
For multi-volume works, use the
year of the volume you are citing.
Use Rule 8 to determine whether
and how to cite a main volume or
supplement.
Rule 22.1(l): Collected Works of One Author
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Components:
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Author’s Name,
Title of Shorter Work,
in (no italics)
Title of Larger Work
Initial Page of Shorter Work,
Pinpoint Reference within Shorter Work
(Editor (if any), Edition (if any other than the
first), Publisher Date).
Rule 22.1(m): Collected Works of Several
Authors
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Components:
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Author of Shorter Work,
Title of Shorter Work,
in (no italics)
Author of Larger Work (if any),
Title of Larger Work
Initial Page of Shorter Work,
Pinpoint Reference within Shorter Work
(Editor (if any), Edition (if any other than the
first), Publisher Date).
Rule 22: Short Citations
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Use id. when appropriate. Review Rule 11.3.
For “regular” sources (Rule 22.2(c)): Author’s
last name, supra n. __, at pinpoint.
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Rhode, supra n. 14, at 23.
Note: The Bluebook does not place a after after n., so you
will need to insert those spaces. Thus: n.14 would
become n. 14.
For works in a collection, consult Rule 22.3(b).