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FRBR Family
FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
FRBR: Functional
Requirements
for Bibliographic
Records
FRAD: Functional
Requirements
for Authority
Data
FRAD:
Functional Requirements
for Authority
Data
FRSAD: Functional
Requirements
for Subject Authority
Data
FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
Athena Salaba
School of Library and Information Science
Kent State University
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
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FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
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FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data
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Original framework (approved 1997, published 1998)
Defines all entities
Focus on Group 1 entities
FRANAR / FRAR (published June, 2009)
Authority records
Focus on Group 2 entities
FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
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FRSAR
Focus on Group3 entities
Established April 2005
Draft Report released for comments (June 23, 2009); to be released
summer 2010
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
The Bibliographic Universe
Traditionally …
Object oriented model
Emphasis on the object
containing a document/content
AACR2 Part 1: Description
1. General
2. Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets
3. Cartographic Materials
4. Manuscripts
5. Printed Music
6. Sound Recordings
7. Motion Pictures and Video recordings
8. Graphic Materials
9. Electronic Resources
10. Three-Dimensional Artefacts and Realia
11. Microforms
12. Continuing Resources
13. Analysis
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
The Bibliographic Universe
Should that be our primary focus?
What do users really want?
Solution: Content oriented model
 IFLA 1992: focus at functional requirements of
library catalog records
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
Functions of a Catalog
Cutter’s Objects
IFLA ICP: Objectives and Functions
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To enable a person to find a
book of which either:
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To show what a library has
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the author is known (A)
the title is known (B)
the subject is known (C)
by a given author (D)
by a given subject (E)
by a given kind of literature (F)
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To assist in the choice of
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as to the edition
(bibliographically) (G)
as to its character (literary or
topical) (H)
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to find bibliographic resources in a
collection as the result of a search
using attributes or relationships of the
resources:
 to find a single resource
 to find sets of resources
representing
to identify a bibliographic resource or
agent
to select a bibliographic resource that
is appropriate to the user’s needs
to acquire or obtain access to an item
described
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records
 IFLA’s FRBR Working Group, 1992-1997
 IFLA's Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Final Report,
1998. Available at:
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http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/functionalrequirements-for-bibliographic-records
Archived website:
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint
Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
What is FRBR?
 Conceptual model based on entity-attribute-relationship
Attributes
Attributes
Entity 1
Relationship
Entity 2
•Title
•Creator
 User tasks
•Topic
 Not a set of rules
 Not an implementation study/guide
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR User Tasks
 Find (locate or collocate) entities that correspond to the user's
stated search criteria (i.e., to locate either a single entity or a set of entities in a
file or database as the result of a search using an attribute or relationship of the entity)
 Identify an entity (i.e., to confirm that the entity described
corresponds to the entity sought, or to distinguish between two or more
entities with similar characteristics)
 Select an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs (i.e., to
choose an entity that meets the user's requirements with respect to
content, physical format, etc., or to reject an entity as being inappropriate
to the user's needs)
 Acquire or obtain access to the entity described (i.e., to acquire an
entity through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an entity electronically through
an online connection to a remote computer)
(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1998, p.82)
Others??? Relate? Navigate?
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Entities
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Group 1: products of intellectual and artistic endeavor
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Group 2: those responsible for the intellectual & artistic content,
physical production, or custodianship
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works
expressions
manifestations
items
persons
corporate bodies
Group 3: entities that serve as subjects of intellectual or artistic
endeavor
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concepts
objects
events
place
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Group 1 Entities
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Distinct intellectual or artistic creation, abstract
Specific intellectual or artistic form that a work
takes each time it is realized.
The physical embodiment of an expression of a
specific work.
A single example of a manifestation.
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Group 1 Relationships
primary relationships
A Work is realized
through an
Expression
Work
Expression
An Expression is
embodied in a
manifestation
A Manifestation is
exemplified by an
Item
An Expression
realizes a Work
A Manifestation
embodies an
Expression
Manifestation
Item
An Item Exemplifies
a Manifestation
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
Work 1
Evolution,
origin, species
E1: Text- English
E2: Text - German
Origins of species
Die Entstehung der
Arten. Translated by
Heinrich Schmidt
M1
On the
origin of
species by
means of
natural
selection.
London,
Murray,1859
M2
Η Καταγωγή των
Ειδών. Translated by
Πάγκαλος Ανδρέας
M1
The Origin of species.
Edited and read by Richard
Dawkins. Abridged
M1
Η Καταγωγή
των Ειδών.
Αθηνα,
Γκοβόστης,20
07
Die
Enstehung
der
Arten.
The
origin
of
species.
New York,
Gramercy,
1995
Leibzig, Kröner,
1884
M1
The
origin
of
species
London, CSA
Wordp2008.
1 compact disc
I1
New York PL
Copy 1
E3: Text- Greek
E4: Spoken word
performance - English
I2
Atheneum
Copy 1 signed by author
FRBR Group 2 Entities
Person
An individual deceased or living involved in the creation or realization of a
work or are the subject of a work (about them).
Corporate Body
An organization or a group of individuals and/or a group of organizations
acting as a unit involved in the creation or realization of a work or are the
subject of a work.
Families – added after the final report and in FRAD
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Group 2 Relationships to Group 1 Entities
primary relationships
• work is created by person or
corporate body
• expression is realized by
person or corporate body
• manifestation is produced by
person or corporate body
• item is owned by person or
corporate body
Examples:
• the work “Origin of species” is
created by Charles Darwin
• the item is owned by Kent Free
Library
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Group 3 Entities
Concept
An abstract notion or an idea as a subject of a work. E.g.:
Economics, Agriculture, Library Science
Object
A material thing as a subject of a work. E.g.: Eiffel Tower, Challenger
Event
An action or occurrences (historical events, periods of time, etc.) as
a subject of a work. E.g.: Civil War, 21st Century
Place
A location (terrestrial and extraterrestrial; historical and
contemporary; geographic features and geopolitical jurisdictions as
subjects of a work. E.g.: The Moon, Ohio, Howard Beach.
In addition, all of Group 1 and Group 2 entities can be subjects of a
work
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Group 3 Relationships to Group 1 entities
primary relationships
• A work has as subject an entity such as
concept, object, event, place, person,
corporate body, work, manifestation,
expression, item
• An entity of Group 1, 2, 3 is the subject
of a work
Examples:
• The concept “evolution” is the subject of work
1 “Origin of species”
• Work 1 “Origin of species” is the subject of
work 2 “Darwin's garden”
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
Entity Attributes
Attributes of a Work
title of the work
form of work
date of the work
other distinguishing characteristic
intended termination , etc.
Attributes of an Expression
title of the expression
form of expression
date of expression
language of expression
scale (cartographic image/object)
projection (cartographic image/object),
etc.
(selective)
Attributes of a Manifestation
title of the manifestation
statement of responsibility
edition/issue designation
place of publication/distribution
publisher/distributor
date of publication/distribution
extent of the carrier
physical medium
dimensions of the carrier , etc.
Attributes of an Item
item identifier
provenance of the item
marks/inscriptions
condition of the item , etc.
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
Bibliographic Relationships
 FRBR – primary
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W is realized through E
E is embodied in M
M is exemplified by I
is created by
is realized by
is produced by
has as subject
 Typology (Tillett)
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Equivalence
Derivative
Descriptive
Whole-part/Part-Whole
Accompanying
Sequential
Shared characteristics
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
Other relationships (beyond primary)
 Work-to-work (supplement, adaptation, …)
 Expression-to-expression (revision, translation, …)
 Expression-to-work (complement, summarization …)
 Manifestation-to-manifestation (reproduction, alternate)
 Manifestation-to-item (reproduction)
 Item-to-item (reconfiguration, reproduction)
 Whole/Part at work, expression, manifestation and item level
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR Review
 FRBR Review WG
 Expression
 Aggregates, 2005
 FRBR/CRM Dialogue, 2003: FRBR (FRBRoo)
 CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)
 FRBR Namespace Project, 2007
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD:
Functional Requirements for Authority Data
IFLA UBCIM Working Group on Functional
Requirements and Numbering of Authority
Records (FRANAR)
Goals:
 Provide an understanding of current authority
data functions
 Clarify underlying concepts and provide a basis
for refining and improving authority data practice
Functional Requirements for Authority Data: A
Conceptual Model (FRAD), 2009
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD: Functions of the Authority file
 Document decisions
 Serve as reference tool (cataloger)
 Control form of access points
 Support access to bibliographic file (end-user)
 Link bibliographic and authority records
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD: Users and User Tasks
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Users of Authority Data
 Authority record creators and reference librarians
 Library users
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Authority Data User Tasks
 Find entities corresponding to stated criteria, or explore the universe
of bibliographic entities
 Identify an entity as being the one sought, or to validate the form of
name to be used as a controlled access point
 Contextualize place in context, clarify relationships between persons
or person and names by which is known
 Justify Document the authority data creator’s reason for choosing the
name or form of name on which a controlled access point is based
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD Basics
“Entities in the bibliographic universe (such as those identified in the Functional
Requirements for Bibliographic Records) are known by names and/or
identifiers. In the cataloguing process (whether it happens in libraries,
museums, or archives), those names and identifiers are used as the basis
for constructing controlled access points.” FRAD, p. 19
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD Model
 Entities
 Relationships
PERSON
FAMILY
CORPORATE BODY
WORK
EXPRESSION
associated with
MANIFESTATION
ITEM
CONCEPT
OBJECT
EVENT
PLACE
known by
NAME
Figure 2
assigned
IDENTIFIER
NAME
Figure 1
IDENTIFIER
basis for
ACCESS POINT
AUTHORIZED
HEADING
registered as
referenced from
referenced from
VARIANT
HEADING
AUTHORITY
RECORD
registered in
registered in
REFERENCE
RECORD
registered as
EXPLANATORY
HEADING
registered in
EXPLANATORY
RECORD
governed by
RULES
govern
Created/modified by
applied by
created / transcribed / modified / issued by
AGENCY
FRAD Entities
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Person (Dates of Person, Title of Person, Place of birth, Language, Field of activity …)
Name (Type of name, Scope of usage, Dates of usage, Language of name …)
Controlled access point (Type of access point, Language of cataloguing, Source of access point …)
Identifier (Type of identifier)
Family (Type of family, Dates of family, History of family …)
Corporate Body
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Concept
Object
Event
Place
Rules
Agency
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRAD Relationships
Work  Work
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Sequential relationship
Derivative relationship
Whole/part relationship
Accompanying relationship ….
Name of Person  Name of Person
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Real name relationship
Earlier name relationship
Later name relationship …
Controlled access point  Controlled access point
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Parallel language relationship
Alternate script relationship
Different rules relationship
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRSAD:
Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
FRSAR Terms of Reference
FRSAR = Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records
 to build a conceptual model of Group 3 entities within the
FRBR framework as they relate to the aboutness of works,
 to provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for
relating the data that are recorded in subject authority
records to the needs of the users of those records, and
 to assist in an assessment of the potential for international
sharing and use of subject authority data both within the
library sector and beyond.
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRSAD: Users of Subject Authority Data
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRSAD: User Tasks

Find one or more subjects and/or their appellations, that
correspond(s) to the user’s stated criteria, using attributes and
relationships;

Identify a subject and/or its appellation based on their attributes or
relationships (i.e., to distinguish between two or more subjects or
appellations with similar characteristics and to confirm that the
appropriate subject or appellation has been found);

Select a subject and/or its appellation appropriate to the user’s needs
(i.e., to choose or reject based on the user's requirements and
needs);

Explore relationships between subjects and/or their appellations
(e.g., to explore relationships in order to understand the structure of
a subject domain and its terminology).
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
User Tasks in the FRBR-Family
FRBR
FRAD
FRSAD
Find
Find
Find a subject entity or
entities
Identify
Identify an entity
Identify
Select
Obtain
Contextualize, place
in context, explore
relationships
Justify the form of an
access point
Select
Explore relationships,
etc.
‘Issues’ with Group 3
 How to subdivide (if at all)?
 Object, Concept, Event, Place
 Concrete/abstract
 Class/instance
 Other models
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
 Entities:
 Thema: any entity used as a subject of a work
 Nomen: any sign or sequence of signs (alphanumeric
characters, symbols, sound, etc.) by which a thema is
known, referred to or addressed
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
WORK has as subject THEMA /
THEMA is subject of WORK
This model confirms one of the basic relationships defined in FRBR:
WORK has as subjectTHEMA / THEMA is subject of WORK.
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Thema = "any entity used as a subject of a work".
Thema includes any of the FRBR entities:
 Group 1 and Group 2 entities and,
 in addition, all other subjects of works.
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
THEMA has appellation NOMEN /
NOMEN is appellation of THEMA
This model also proposes a new relationship:
THEMA has appellation NOMEN / NOMEN is appellation of THEMA.
• NOMEN = any sign or sequence of signs (alphanumeric characters,
symbols, sound, etc.) by which a thema is known, referred to or
addressed
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
 Hierarchical
 Partitive
 Generic
 Instance
 Associative
Other thema-to-thema relationships are
implementation-dependent
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
 Equivalence
Equivalence can be specified further, e.g.:
 replaces/is replaced by
 has variant form/is variant form
 has derivation/is derived from
 has acronym/is acronym for
 has abbreviation/is abbreviation of
 has transliterated form/is transliteration of
 Partitive
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRSAD Entity Attributes
 Thema
 Type
 Note
Thema Type
Implementation-specific:
•FRBR: concept, object,
event, place, Group 1,
Group 2
•FAST: topical, names,
geographics, periods, titles,
events
•UMLS: entities (physical,
conceptual), events
 Nomen
 Type
 Scheme
 Reference
source
 Represent
ation
 Language
 Script
 Script
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conversion
Form
Time of
validity
Audience
Status
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
FRBR-Family Resources
 IFLA FRBR-Family, http://www.ifla.org/en/node/2016
 FRBR, http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-
requirements-for-bibliographic-records
 FRBR Review Group, http://www.ifla.org/en/frbr-rg
 FRAD, http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-
requirements-for-authority-data
 FRSAD, http://www.ifla.org/node/1297
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010
THANK YOU!
Athena Salaba
asalaba@kent.edu
NOTSL/ALAO-TEDSIG Joint Spring Meeting, May 14, 2010