INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING TENTH CANADIAN EDITION Kieso • Weygandt • Warfield • Young • Wiecek • McConomy CHAPTER 14 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Prepared by: Lisa Harvey, CPA, CA Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto CHAPTER 14 LONG-TERM FINANCIAL LIABILITIES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: • • • • • • • Understand the nature of long-term debt financing arrangements. Understand how long-term debt is measured and accounted for. Understand when long-term debt is recognized and derecognized, including how to account for troubled debt restructurings. Explain how long-term debt is presented on the statement of financial position. Identify disclosure requirements. Calculate and interpret key ratios related to solvency and liquidity. Identify major differences in accounting standards between IFRS and ASPE, and what changes are expected in the near future. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 2 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Understanding Debt Instruments Measurement •Bonds and notes payable •Discounts and premiums •Credit ratings •Special situations •Defeasance •Types of companies that have significant debt financing •Information for decision-making •Bonds and notes issued at par Recognition and Derecognition Presentation, IFRS/ASPE Disclosure, Comparison and Analysis •A comparison of •Repayment before maturity date •Presentation IFRS and ASPE •Disclosures •Looking ahead •Exchange of debt instruments •Analysis •Troubled debt restructurings •Defeasance revisited •Off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 3 3 Issuing Long-Term Debt • Obligations not payable within one year, or one business operating cycle—whichever is longer • Examples include: – – – – – Bonds payable Long-term notes payable Mortgages Pension liabilities Lease liabilities • Often with restrictive covenants (terms) attached Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 4 4 Bonds • Most common type of long-term debt • A bond indenture is a promise (by the lender to the borrower) to pay: • a sum of money at the designated date, and • periodic interest (usually paid semi-annually) at a stipulated rate on the face value. • A bond issue may be sold: • either through an investment banker, or • by private placement. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 5 5 Notes Payable • Similar in nature to bonds – Require repayment of principal at a future date – Require periodic interest payments • The difference is that notes do not normally trade on public markets • Accounting for bonds and notes is the same in many respects • Like a bond, a note is recorded at the PV of future interest and principal, and any premium/discount is amortized over the life of the note Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 6 6 Types of Bonds/Notes • Bearer (coupon) bonds: are freely transferable by current owner • Secured debt: secured by collateral (real estate, stocks) • Serial bonds: mature in instalments • Income and revenue bonds: interest payments tied to some form of performance • Deep-discount bonds: little or no interest payments; sold at a substantial discount • Callable bonds: give issuer right to call and retire debt prior to maturity • Convertible bonds: can be converted into other corporate securities Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 7 7 Bond Ratings • Companies such as Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s Corporation assess credit ratings of company bonds and preferred shares • Bonds ratings range from a quality of “Prime” to “Very speculative” • AAA rating indicates a rating of “Prime”, while a B rating indicates a “very speculative” rating Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 8 8 Defeasance • Sufficient funds set aside (i.e. in a trust) to pay off principal and interest of debt • “Legal defeasance” occurs when the creditor no longer has claim on the assets of the original issuer – Trust held responsible for repayment Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 9 9 Types of Companies with Significant Debt Financing • Financing can be obtained from borrowing, issuing equity (shares) or using internally generated funds • Capital-intensive industries have a greater ability to borrow funds because the loans are secured by the underlying tangible assets – Examples include transportation and hotel companies Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 10 Information for Decision-Making • It is important for companies to monitor financial ratios in order to ensure that they take advantage of leverage without becoming overextended – Cash flows must be managed in order to continue to operate, maximize profit and benefit from opportunities Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 11 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Understanding Debt Instruments Measurement •Bonds and notes payable •Discounts and premiums •Credit ratings •Special situations •Defeasance •Types of companies that have significant debt financing •Information for decision-making •Bonds and notes issued at par Recognition and Derecognition Presentation, IFRS/ASPE Disclosure, Comparison and Analysis •A comparison of •Repayment before maturity date •Presentation IFRS and ASPE •Disclosures •Looking ahead •Exchange of debt instruments •Analysis •Troubled debt restructurings •Defeasance revisited •Off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 12 12 Bond Measurement: Determining Bond Prices • The price of a bond is determined by finding the present value (PV) of future cash flows: • the PV of the interest payments (at the stated , coupon or nominal rate of interest) plus • the PV of the principal amount (also called the face value, par value or maturity value) • Both amounts are discounted at the market (yield) rate of interest in effect at issue date Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 13 13 Bond Measurement: Determining Bond Prices • When the effective yield (market rate) = stated rate bond sells at par • When the effective yield (market rate) stated rate bond sells at a discount • When the effective yield (market rate) stated rate bond sells at a premium Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 14 Bond Measurement: Bond Price Calculation Given: • Face value of bond issue: $100,000 • Term of issue: 5 years • Stated interest rate: 9% per year, payable annually at year end • Market rate of interest: 11% Determine the issue price of the bonds Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 15 15 Bond Measurement: Bond Price Calculation Year 1 $9,000 Year 2 $9,000 Year 3 $9,000 Year 4 $9,000 Interest annuity Year 5 $9,000 Face Value $100,000 Discount the future cash flows using the effective yield Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 16 16 Bond Measurement: Bond Price Calculation Year 1 $9,000 $33,263 plus $ 59,345 Year 2 Year 3 $9,000 $9,000 Year 4 Year 5 $9,000 $9,000 Discount at effective yield, 11% $9,000 x 3.69590 Discount at effective yield, 11% $100,000 x 0.59345 $100,000 =$92,608 is the issue price Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 17 17 Amortizing the Bond Premium/Discount • A premium effectively decreases the annual interest expense for the corporation • The discount effectively increases the annual interest expense for the issuing corporation Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 18 18 Amortizing the Bond Premium/Discount • Two methods available for amortization 1)Straight-Line • Allocates the same amount of discount (or premium) to each interest period • Acceptable under ASPE 2)Effective Interest • Allocates the discount or premium over the bond term (i.e. amortizes the discount or premium) • Required under IFRS • The total discount or premium amortized is the same under both methods Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 19 19 Straight-Line Method—Discount Given: Face Value = $800,000 Stated Rate = 10% Discount = $24,000 Bond Maturity = 10 years The annual discount amortization = $24,00010 years = $2,400 The entry to record the annual discount amortization would be: Interest Expense 2,400 Bonds Payable 2,400 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 20 20 Straight-Line Method—Premium Given: Face Value = $800,000 Premium = $24,000 Stated Rate = 10% Bond Maturity = 10 years The annual premium amortization = $24,00010 years = $2,400 The entry to record the annual premium amortization would be Bonds Payable 2,400 Interest Expense 2,400 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 21 21 Effective Interest Method • Produces a periodic interest expense equal to a constant percentage of the carrying value of the bond – The percentage used is the effective yield • The amortization of the discount or premium is determined by comparing the interest expense with the interest paid • Total interest expense over the life of the bond is the same as that using the straight-line method Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 22 22 Effective Interest Method Calculation: Discount Face Value = $100,000 Market Rate = 10% Bond Maturity = 5 years Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Discount = $7,722 Coupon Rate = 8% A B Carrying Value Discount Amortization 92,278 92,892 93,536 94,213 94,924 95,670 96,454 97,276 98,140 99,047 =C-D -614 -645 -677 -711 -746 -784 -823 -864 -907 -952 -7,722 semi-annual C D E F Interest Paid Interest Expense Discount Balance Carrying Value Face Value * 4% 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 40,000 =A * 5% 4,614 4,645 4,677 4,711 4,746 4,784 4,823 4,864 4,907 4,952 47,722 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 7,108 6,464 5,787 5,076 4,330 3,546 2,724 1,860 953 0 Face Value E 92,892 93,536 94,213 94,924 95,670 96,454 97,276 98,140 99,047 100,000 23 23 Effective Interest Method • The journal entry to record the bond issuance is: Cash Bonds Payable 92,278 92,278 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 24 24 Effective Interest Method • The journal entry for first semi-annual payment is: Bond Interest Expense Bonds Payable Cash Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 4,614 614 4,000 25 25 Effective Interest Method Calculation: Premium Face Value = $100,000 Market Rate = 6% Bond Maturity = 5 years Year Discount = $8,530 Coupon Rate = 8% A B Carrying Value Premium Amortization =C-D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 108,530 107,786 107,019 106,230 105,417 104,579 103,717 102,828 101,913 100,971 744 766 789 813 837 863 888 915 943 971 8,530 semi-annual C D E F Interest Paid Interest Expense Premium Balance Carrying Value Face Value * 4% 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 40,000 =A * 3% 3,256 3,234 3,211 3,187 3,163 3,137 3,112 3,085 3,057 3,029 31,470 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 7,786 7,019 6,230 5,417 4,579 3,717 2,828 1,913 971 0 Face Value E 107,786 107,019 106,230 105,417 104,579 103,717 102,828 101,913 100,971 100,000 26 Effective Interest Method • The journal entry to record the bond issuance is: Cash Bonds Payable 108,530 108,530 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 27 27 Effective Interest Method • The journal entry for first semi-annual payment is: Bond Interest Expense Bonds Payable Cash Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 3,256 744 4,000 28 28 Bonds Issued Between Interest Dates • Interest for the period between the issue date and the last interest date is paid by the bondholder in addition to the issue price of the bonds • At the specified interest date, interest is paid for the entire interest period (semiannual or annual) • Premium or discount is also amortized from the date of sale Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 29 29 Non-Market Rates of Interest (Marketable Securities) • If bond issued for cash, and is marketable, its fair value = cash received by issuer • Implicit interest rate is the rate that causes the PV (of future cash flows) to equal cash received • Difference between face amount and PV is the discount – Amortized over life of the bond/note Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 30 30 Non-Market Rates of Interest (Marketable Securities) Example • $10,000 3-year zero-interest-bearing marketable bond issued • Cash received at issuance: $7,722 • Implied interest rate is therefore 9% • Discount equal to: Maturity Value $10,000 Less: Cash Received 7,722 $ 2,278 Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 31 31 Non-Market Rates of Interest (Non-Marketable Instruments) • Non-marketable Instruments – Cash consideration might not be equal to fair value – there might be additional value being transferred – Must measure fair value of loan by discounting the cash flows using a market rate of interest – Any difference is booked to net income unless it meets the definition of an asset or liability Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 32 32 Non-Market Rates of Interest (NonMarketable Instruments) Example Given: • Government gives a 5 year, $100,000 note payable to a company on January 1st to help it finance the construction of a building • The note is zero-interest bearing • The market rate is 10% • Recipient company has an additional benefit beyond the debt financing – the government is forgiving the interest that the company would normally be charged. This is a government grant. Journalize in issuer’s books Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 33 33 Non-Market Rates of Interest (NonMarketable Instruments) Example Books of the Issuer: Cash 100,000 Notes Payable Building - Government Grant 62,092 37,908 (PV of 100,000 at 10%, (n=5) = 62,092) (100,000 – 62,092 = 37,908) • The discount is amortized to interest expense over the term of note • The government grant is amortized to net income as the building is depreciated Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 34 34 Notes Issued for Property, Goods, and Services • If the issued debt is a marketable security, the value of the transaction would be equal to fair value of the marketable security • If the issued debt is not a marketable security: – May try to value debt by discounting cash flows at market rate of interest, or – May use the fair value of the property, goods, services. • Any discount or premium amortized over life of the note Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 35 35 Fair Value Option • Long-term debt is generally measured at amortized cost however it can also be measured at fair value – IFRS allows the fair value option only if it results in more relevant information – ASPE allows the fair value option for all financial instruments Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 36 36 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Understanding Debt Instruments Measurement •Bonds and notes payable •Discounts and premiums •Credit ratings •Defeasance •Types of companies that have significant debt financing •Information for decision-making •Bonds and notes issued at par Recognition and Derecognition •Repayment before maturity •Special situations date •Exchange of debt instruments Presentation, IFRS/ASPE Disclosure, Comparison and Analysis •A comparison of •Presentation IFRS and ASPE •Disclosures •Looking ahead •Analysis •Troubled debt restructurings •Defeasance revisited •Off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 37 37 Extinguishment of Debt • Extinguishment of debt is recorded when: – The debtor pays the creditor, or – The debtor is legally released from paying the creditor (due to cancellation, expiry etc.) Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 38 Repayment before Maturity Date • When debt is paid out prior to maturity, the amount paid is called the reacquisition price – May be for the full amount of debt or a portion – Includes any call premium and expenses • At the time of reacquisition all outstanding premiums, discounts, and issue costs are amortized to the date of reacquisition Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 39 39 Repayment before Maturity Date • If the net carrying amount of the debt is more than the reacquisition price, this results in a gain from extinguishment • If the reacquisition price exceeds the net carrying amount of the debt, this results in a loss from extinguishment • Any gain or loss from the reacquisition is reported with other gains and losses Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 40 40 Repayment before Maturity Date: Example Given: • Existing debt: $800,000 • Called and cancelled at: $808,000 • Unamortized discount: $ 14,400 Note: Discount has been amortized up to the date of cancellation of debt. Give the journal entry for the extinguishment. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 41 41 Repayment before Maturity Date: Example Bonds Payable 785,600 Loss on Redemption of Bonds 22,400 Cash 808,000 (800,000 – 14,400 = 785,600) Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 42 42 Troubled Debt Restructurings • When a creditor grants a favourable concession to a debtor • Two basic types of transactions 1. Settlement of debt at less than carrying value 2. Continuation of debt with modification of terms Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 43 43 Settlement of Debt • Old debt, as well as all related discount, premium and issuance costs are removed from books (derecognized) • A gain is usually recognized since creditor generally makes concessions in settlement of troubled debt (settled at less than carrying value) Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 44 44 Substantial Modification of Terms • If debt is continued with substantial modification of terms, the transaction is treated like a settlement – Old liability is derecognized – New (substantially modified) liability is recognized – The difference between the old and new liability is recorded as a gain • Modification of terms is substantial if either: – Discounted PV under new terms is at least 10% different from discounted PV of remaining cash flows under old debt, or – Old debt is legally discharged and there is a new creditor Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 45 45 Non-Substantial Modification of Terms • No gain or loss recognized • New effective interest rate must be found – Imputed using the rate that equates the carrying value of old debt to cash flows of newly arranged debt Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 46 46 Defeasance Revisited • “Legal defeasance” occurs when the creditor no longer has claim on the assets of the original issuer – The debt may be derecognized • “In-substance defeasance” occurs when the creditor is not aware of the trust arrangement – The debt may not be derecognized Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 47 47 Off-Balance-Sheet Financing • Off-balance-sheet financing represents borrowing arrangements that are not recorded • The amount of debt reported in the statement of financial position does not include such financing arrangements – This is not acceptable and is usually done to improve certain financial ratios (such as debt-equity ratio) • In general, increased note disclosure is the accounting profession’s response to off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 48 48 Non-consolidated entities • Under present GAAP, a parent company does not have to consolidate an investment in a company where <50% owned and no control • Therefore, the liabilities of the company would not be reflected on the balance sheet of the parent company, although the parent may be ultimately liable for the debt Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 49 49 Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) or Variable Interest Entities (VIEs) • A company may create a special purpose entity or variable interest entity to perform a special project or function • This is a concern if SPEs/VIEs are used primarily to disguise debt • As a general rule, the companies should be consolidated if the company is the main beneficiary of the SPE/VIE Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 50 50 Operating Leases • Another way to reduce a company’s debt is to lease rather than own • If a lease is considered an operating lease, the company would need to record rent expense each period with note disclosure (further covered in chapter 20) Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 51 51 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Understanding Debt Instruments Measurement •Bonds and notes payable •Discounts and premiums •Credit ratings •Defeasance •Types of companies that have significant debt financing •Information for decision-making •Bonds and notes issued at par Recognition and Derecognition •Repayment before maturity •Special situations date •Exchange of debt instruments Presentation, IFRS/ASPE Disclosure, Comparison and Analysis •A comparison of •Presentation IFRS and ASPE •Disclosures •Looking ahead •Analysis •Troubled debt restructurings •Defeasance revisited •Off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 52 52 Presentation of Long-Term Debt • Current versus long-term – Debt to be refinanced treated as current unless specific refinancing conditions met • Debt versus equity – Dependent on nature of the instrument Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 53 53 Disclosures • Include: – – – – – – – Nature of the liability Maturity date Interest rate Call provision Conversion privilege Any restrictions imposed Assets designated or pledged as security • Any assets pledged as security for the debt should be shown in the assets section of the statement of financial position • Fair value of the long-term debt should also be disclosed Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 54 54 Analysis Debt to Total Assets: Total debt Total assets • Level or percentage of assets that is financed through debt Times Interest Earned: Income before income taxes and interest Interest expense • Measures ability to meet interest payments Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 55 55 Long-Term Financial Liabilities Understanding Debt Instruments Measurement •Bonds and notes payable •Discounts and premiums •Credit ratings •Defeasance •Types of companies that have significant debt financing •Information for decision-making •Bonds and notes issued at par Recognition and Derecognition •Repayment before maturity •Special situations date •Exchange of debt instruments Presentation, IFRS/ASPE Disclosure, Comparison and Analysis •A comparison of •Presentation IFRS and ASPE •Disclosures •Looking ahead •Analysis •Troubled debt restructurings •Defeasance revisited •Off-balance sheet financing Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 56 56 Looking Ahead • There are several current projects by IASB and FASB that could impact future accounting standards for long-term debt: – Financial instruments project – Financial instruments with the characteristics of equity – Conceptual framework project Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 57 57 COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 58