Ancient Greek for Everyone:
A New Digital Resource for
Beginning Greek
as taught at
Louisiana State University
Fall 2013
Richard Warga
Unit 20: Remaining Vocabulary
Elementary Greek
This class (someday, Month ##, 2013)
AGE Unit 20: Particles, Adverbs and
Remaining Vocabulary
• This Unit presents
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question and answer words
particles
adverbs
defective verbs
Elementary Greek
Unit 20: Questions and Answers
Questions
• ἆρα This word has no independent meaning: it simply turns a statement
into a yes/no question. Do not confuse it with the conjunction ἄρα
“therefore”
• πότε when?
• ποῦ where?
• πῶς how?
• πότερον whether
Answers
• ναί yes
– μάλιστα definitely yes
• οὐ no
Elementary Greek
Unit 20: Particles
• Most languages do not write out the delicate nuances of
speech, but Greek has a tradition of recording the Greek voice
with great precision (as shown by its commitment to spelling
words just as speakers pronounced them).
• This tradition means that written Greek often includes a
number of small words that speakers used in colorful ways to
convey a certain tone. These words do not necessarily have a
particular vocabulary meaning, but they flavor and spice the
material, often in quite revealing ways.
• Such words might or might not serve a grammatical purpose,
so they are not technically a part of speech. The traditional
term for words used this way is “particle.”
Elementary Greek
Unit 20: Particles
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αὖ “on the other hand…”
γε intensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it
δή literally “now!” but more generally emphatic
ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows
καίτοι marks a transition, restatement or conclusion
μέντοι postpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies); “however”
(in a transition)
μήν follows a particle that it emphasizes
νῦν, νυνί ”now” “as it is now…”
οὐκοῦν sets up an expectation to agree
πέρ enclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and conjunctions
Elementary Greek
From Unit 14: Greek Adverbs
• Adverbs generally provide additional information about
the verbal action.
• This is a very broad category, so in practice adverbs cover
nearly everything not covered in the other categories of
words (verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, preposition,
conjunction).
• This unit covers only adverbs that are formed from
adjectives. Unit 20 will cover the remaining adverbs.
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Adverbs
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ἀεί always
ἄνω up
ἄρτι now
αὖθις again
αὐτίκα immediately
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Adverbs
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εἶτα then, next
ἐκεῖ there
ἔνθα there
ἐνταῦθα here, there
ἔπειτα then, next
ἔτι still
εὖ well
εὐθύς immediately
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Adverbs
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ἤδη already
μάλα very, very much
μάλιστα most, most of all, certainly
μᾶλλον more, rather
οὐκέτι no longer
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Adverbs
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πάλιν back, backwards
πάντοτε always, at all times
πλέον more, rather
πολλάκις often
ποτε sometime
που somewhere
πρίν before, until; formerly
τότε then
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Some adverbs that also function like
prepositions
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ἅμα together with (+dat.)
ἄνευ without, except, besides (+gen.)
ἄχρι(ς) until (+gen.)
ἕνεκα because of (+gen.)
ἔξω outside of (+gen.)
μεταξύ between (+gen.)
μέχρι as far as (+ gen.), until
ὁπίσω behind, after (+gen.)
πλήν except (+gen.)
χωρίς separately, without (+gen.)
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical
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ἀεί always
ἅμα at the same time, together with
ἄνευ without, except, besides (+gen.)
ἄνω up
ἆρα particle introducing a question
– do not confuse with the conjunction ἄρα “therefore”
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αὖ “on the other hand…” αὖθις again
αὐτίκα immediately
γε intensifies and sharpens the word(s) before it
δή literally “now!” but more generally emphatic
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical
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εἶτα then, next
ἐκεῖ there
ἕνεκα because of (+gen.)
ἔνθα there
ἐνταῦθα here, there
ἔξω outside; except
ἔπειτα then, next
ἔτι still
εὖ well
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical
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ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows
ἤδη already
καίτοι marks a transition, restatement or conclusion
μάλα very, very much
μάλιστα most, most of all, “definitely yes”
μᾶλλον more, rather
μέντοι postpositive “of course” (emphatic in replies);
“however” (in a transition)
• μεταξύ between
• μέχρι as far as (+ gen.), until
• μήν follows a particle that it emphasizes
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical
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ναί yes
νῦν, νυνί ”now” “as it is now…”
ὅπου where
ὅπως how, as, so that
οὐκέτι no longer
οὐκοῦν sets up an expectation to agree
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: Classical
• πάλιν back, backwards
• πέρ enclitic, an emphatic suffix following relatives and
conjunctions
• πλέον more, rather
• πλήν except (+gen.)
• πολλάκις often
• ποτε at some time, once; πότε when?
• πότερον whether
• που somewhere; ποῦ where?
• τότε then
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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ἀμήν amen
ἄρτι now
ἄχρι(ς) until (+gen.)
ἐκεῖ there
ἔξω outside; except
ἔτι still
εὐθύς immediately
ἦ emphasizes the particle that follows
ἤδη already
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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ἰδού Look!
μᾶλλον more, rather
ὁπίσω behind, after (+gen.)
ὅπου wherever
οὐαί “How horrible it will be!”
οὐκέτι no longer
Elementary Greek
Unit 20 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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πάλιν back, backwards
πάντοτε always, at all times
πλήν except (+gen.)
ποῦ where?
πῶς how?
τότε then
χωρίς separately, without (+gen.)
Elementary Greek
• Although advanced vocabulary lists and lexica give six
principal parts for Greek verbs, you are responsible for only
the first three. For most reading purposes at the beginning and
intermediate levels, these three are sufficient.
• Some verbs lack even these three principal parts. Such verbs
are called “defective.”
• The following slides list the “defective” verbs from your
vocabulary lists and thus complete your vocabulary.
Elementary Greek
• Next class (someday, Month ##, 2013)
– Unit 20 Biblical reading.
– Unit 20 Classical reading.
– Be able to:
• read the sentences aloud
• parse each verb, noun and pronoun
• translate the sentences into English.
Elementary Greek
Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical
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-----, βιώσομαι, ἐβίων live
δεῖ it is necessary
διαφέρει it makes a difference
δοκεῖ it seems (best) to (+ dat.)
εἶμι go
– For conjugation of this verb, see following slides.
• -----, ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask
Elementary Greek
• εἶμι
• εἶ imperative: ἴθι
• εἶσι
• ἴμεν
• ἴτε
• ἴασι
infinitive: ἰέναι
participle: ἰών ἰοῦσα ἰόν
This verb is formed from the stem ἰ-/εἰ-. As often with -μι verbs, the
singular shows the long vowel sound and the plural has the short vowel
sound. Although a present tense, it formally means “will go” but it has a
complex relationship with the verb ἔρχομαι (see Unit 23).
Building a Greek Verb
The Present Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 175)
Elementary Greek
• ᾖα or ᾔειν
• ᾔεισθα or ᾔεις
• ᾔειν or ᾔει
• ᾖμεν
• ᾖτε
• ᾖσαν or ᾔεσαν
This verb is formed from the stem εἰ-.
It functions as the imperfect of the verb ἔρχομαι (see Unit 23).
Building a Greek Verb
The Imperfect Active of εἶμι (GPH p. 166)
Elementary Greek
Unit 23 Vocabulary: Classical
• ἥκω, ἥξω have arrived, be present
– This verb has a perfect active stem and perfect meaning, but it
conjugates just as a regular –ω verb.
• κεῖμαι lie
– This verb serves as the perfect passive of τίθημι in the sense of
meaning to “have been put” somewhere.
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οἴομαι, οἶμαι parenthetical “I think”
πάρεστι it depends on (+ dat.)
συμφέρει it is useful
χρή it is necessary
Elementary Greek
Unit 23 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament)
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ἀσπάζομαι, -----, ἠσπασάμην greet
-----, ἐρήσομαι, ἠρόμην ask
κάθημαι sit
λογίζομαι, -----, ἐλογισάμην calculate
ὀφείλω owe
Elementary Greek
Unit 24 conjunctions for complex sentences
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ἵνα where; purpose: so that, in order that
μέχρι until
ὅπου where, wherever
ὅπως how; purpose: so that, in order that
πρίν before, until; formerly
ὥστε result: that