THE HISTORY OF THE
FEDERAL TRIO PROGRAMS
Amber Mitchell
Rose State College
Student Support Services
*Information in this presentation was obtained from
Milestones of TRiO History, Part I & II by John Groutt
Growing Awareness
 The Other America: Poverty in the United States
Michael Harrington
 Our Invisible Poor
Dwight McDonald


Council of Economic Advisors
Walter Heller, Chair
War On Poverty
President Johnson
War on Poverty
Task Force on Poverty
Sargent Shriver
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
 Office of Economic Opportunity
 Demonstration & Research Office
Stanley Salett
 Policy: Office of Economic Opportunity
Administration: Private Agencies



Processed applications
Monitored programs
Conducted sight visits
Upward
Bound
Snapshot Review
 What two publications helped expose poverty as a




national issue?
How was Walter Heller instrumental?
Who was over the Task Force on Poverty?
What two instrumental offices were created from the
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964?
Who is considered the mastermind of UB?
Higher Education Act of 1965
 Educational Opportunity Grants
James Moore & Samuel Halperin
 Section 408 (17 lines)
 Contracts to Encourage the Full Utilization of
Educational Talent
 Administration: Office of Education’s
Office of Student Financial Aid
Talent
Search
Two Very Different Beginnings
UPWARD BOUND
TALENT SEARCH
Born From:
Born From:
Elimination of poverty through
education
Access to higher ed for low-income
Authorizing Legislation:
Authorizing Legislation:
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
Higher Education Act of 1965
Administered By:
Administered By:
Office of Economic Opportunity &
Private Agencies
Office of Education, Office of Student
Financial Aid
Higher Education Amendment of 1968
 Educational Opportunity Grants
 Must identify & enroll low-income students
 Support and remediate academic deficiencies
 Services for Disadvantaged Students
 10% funds serve physically disabled
Student
Support
Services
Growing Pains: Birth Of TRiO
Office of Economic Opportunity
UB
Office of Education
Snapshot Review
 What was the first program to provide aid to low



income students?
What legislation was this program part of?
How many lines were written to create TS?
What drove the need for SSS?
What legislation was SSS created under?
Nixon’s Decentralization
 10 Regional Centers
 Appropriations divided based on poverty populations
 Regional Commissioners = full authority
 Disparity = meetings and congressional relations
TRiO Takes Action
 1972 SWASAP
 Peter Mousolite
 1974 Fact Finding Mission
 Congressional Relations
Congressional Support
 Second Supplemental Appropriations Act of 1972


5.8 million for a “temporary one year” program
Initiated without regulations
 Education Amendments of 1972
Senator Jacob Javits
 Education Opportunity Centers
VUB
EOC
Snapshot Review
 What ramifications did Nixon’s decentralization have




on TRiO?
What was the first regional association?
How was Peter Mousolite instrumental in creating
the political climate for TRiO?
What drove the need for creation of a temporary
program?
Who sponsored the creation of EOC?
Questions?
Milestones Part II
Higher Education Amendments of 1976
 Director of the Division of Student Support and
Special Services
 Routh Commission (Dorothy Routh)
Pre-collegiate - Educational Opportunity Centers
 Collegiate – Institutes of Postsecondary Achievement
 Training Authority for Staff Development
 Service Learning Centers

 TRiO Involvement
A Climate Of Change
 Ford Administration Freeze
 64% increase in funding
 Shirley Chisholm, Lewis Stokes
 Jerry Lewis
 Mid-Eastern Association of Educational Opportunity Program
Personnel (MEAEOPP)
 December 1977
 21 representative of regional association
Collective National Voice
 National Coordinating Council of Educational
Opportunity Associations

Arnold Mitchem
 March 1981 – National Council for
Educational Opportunity Associations
 June 1981- Washington, DC office
 COE 1998
COE
1980-funding Imbroglio
 Carter’s Recentralization
 Department of Education Organization Act of 1979
 Director of the Division of Student Support & Special Services
 Grant Competition
 National Demonstration Projects
 Alfred Moye, Deputy Commissioner for Higher & Continuing
Education
 Special Emphasis Upward Bound
 New Concepts Special Services for Disadvantaged Students
Program
Higher Education Amendments of 1980
 Program Administration
 Prior Experience Points
 Increase Participant Income Level
 1/3 First-generation
Twelve-Day War
 1983 Senator Lowell Weicker
 $55 million cut
 Grassroots Campaign
 Additional $10 million
 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Reduction Act
 30% reduction
 National TRiO Day

221 Representatives, 34 Sentators
Higher Education Amendments of 1986
 Association of American Universities & Senator Paul
Simon
 Authorized in 1986 Amendments, did
not receive appropriations 1989
 Minority component
McNair
Scholars
Continued Growth
 Dr. Richard Fairley
 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Postsecondary Education
 No changes in authorizing legislation
 Clinton, House and Senate Majority
 Newt Gingrich’s Contract with America
 Rep. John Kasich, House Budget Com. Chair
UB M/S
 1998 Higher Education Amendments
 Senator Jeffords
 Dissemination Partnership Grants
 Gear Up
 Omnibus Consolidation Appropriations Act of 2001
 Amended SSS
 College Completion Grant
Dark Days
 FY 2003 budget message
 Elimination of UB & TS
Questions?
For more detailed information, please refer to
John Groutt’s Milestones of TRiO History, Part I & II