The rise of Socialism
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Bleak view of factory
system
Only checks on
population growth
were “nature’s natural
methods” of war,
disease, and famine
Views proved
WRONG!
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Another laissez-faire
economist
Believed in the “Iron
Law of Wages”
Opposed any
government help for
the poor
Hard work and
limiting size of
families
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Goal of society should
be “greatest happiness
for greatest number”
of citizens
Laws should be only
if they are USEFUL
Influenced John Stuart
Mill, who wanted
laws to protect
workers
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The people as a
whole—NOT
individuals—own the
means of production
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels, The
Communist Manifesto
1848
Communism:
Creation of a classless
society
COMMUNISM
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Class struggle 
Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie
VIOLENT REVOLUTION
Classless society (“utopia”)
Everyone is EQUAL,
GUARANTEED 
MUST stay put
No trade
No personal freedoms
DEMOCRATIC
CAPITALISM (USA)
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Many social classes
Class MOBILITY 
MUCH INEQUALITY
NO guarantees!
Able to have personal
freedoms and choices