World History Unit 3 An Age of Exchange and Encounter: 500 to A.D. 1500 Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800 - 1500 A.D. Section 2 Trades, Towns, and Financial Revolution Trades, Towns, and Financial Revolution • • • • • Objectives To describe medieval advances in agriculture. To identify reasons for the expansion of trade and finance in the Middle Ages. To describe how the growth of trade encouraged the growth of medieval towns. To explain the new interest in learning in the Middle Ages. Vocabulary: three-field system, guild, burgher, vernacular, Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Aquinas, scholastics Growing Food Supply Europe – 100-1300 AD – • Agriculture, trade, finance Agriculture – – Warming climate Improved harness for horses • • – Three-field system – 800 AD • • • – Horses replace oxen Plow more land daily Winter and spring harvests 2/3 year growing season Increased food production Results • • • Support larger population Raise larger families Clearing of forest land Trade and Finance Expand Trade Rejuvenation – 1000 AD – Fairs • Towns as primary trade posts • Replacement of manors – Guild • Trade union – Apprentice / journeyman • Controlled prices and wages • Enforced standards of quality – Financing • Usury – Lending money with interest – Anti-Christian; sin • Moneylenders – Primarily Jewish institution – discrimination Trade and Towns Population Boom – 30m to 42m (1000-1150 AD) – Challenge to feudal society • “Town air makes you free.” • City conditions – Haphazard, unclean, hazardous – Burghers • Town residents Learning – Govt. jobs or theology • Children of burghers – Vernacular • Common language of homeland Scholars and Writers Dante Alighieri – Italian – ‘The Divine Comedy’ – 1321 Geoffrey Chaucer – English – ‘The Canterbury Tales’ • Pilgrimage to shrine of St. Thomas a’ Becket • Brought literature to many non-Latin speakers – Greek to Hebrew to Latin Thomas Aquinas – (1267-1273) – ‘Summa Theologica’ • Christian belief / Greek logic – Scholastics • Middle Ages men who studied together at university Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe, 800 - 1500 A.D. Section 3 England and France Develop England and France Develop • • • • Objectives To describe the various invaders who contributed to English culture. To explain how England’s government took the first steps toward democracy. To describe the contributions of France’s Capetian rulers. Vocabulary: William the Conqueror, Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Magna Carta, parliament, Philip II, Louis IX Invasions of England Vikings – 800 AD – – – Alfred the Great (871-899) Turns back invaders England • ‘land of the Angles’ – Germanic Danes – – • King Edward the Confessor – – • Canute (1016 AD) Germanic / Viking synthesis Descendent of Alfred Died w/o an heir Struggle for throne ensues William the Conqueror The Norman Conquest William the Conqueror – Duke of Normandy • King Edward’s cousin – French language / culture – Battle of Hastings – (1066) • Normans defeat Anglo-Saxons • Harold Godwinson • William controls all England – Plus land in France • King Henry II – William’s descendent – Eleanor of Aquitaine 2 Goals – Maintain land – Strengthen power England’s Government Henry II – (1154-1189) – King of England • Royal judges • 12 man jury of ‘peers’ • Common law – Vassal to the King of France Richard the Lion-Hearted – Hero of 3rd Crusade King John – (1199-1216) – ‘John Softsword’ – Magna Carta (June 1215) • Great Charter • Guarantee of political rights – Taxation, due process • Limit of king’s power Parliament – (1295) – King Edward – war taxes – House of Commons – House of Lords Magna Carta Capetian Dynasty, France Capetian Dynasty – (987-1328) – Death of Louis the Sluggard – Trade routes • Philip II – (1180-1223) – Philip Augustus – Goal: reclaim French territory • Seized Normandy (1204) • Tripled size of France – Bailiffs • Louis IX – (1226-1270) – Sainthood – French appeals court – Estates-General • 1st Estate – church leaders • 2nd Estate - nobles • 3rd Estate - commoners