TOYNBEEAN APPROACH TO
PHILIPPINE HISTORY:
Spanish Regime in the Philippines
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
 Successful Colonization
- the enormous cost of
the expedition
- difficulties in the
returning voyage
 Pacification
- starting point of the
expedition: Mexico
instead of Spain
- Hernan Cortes’ secret
in pacification of Mexico:
Treat the natives with
respect
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
 Reconciling Tribute with
Justice
 How to derive revenue
from the conquered
without violating
simple idea of justice?
 Encomienda System




System was extension of
pacification
Grant was not property but
of jurisdiction over a definite
territory and its inhabitants
The encomenderos had the
duty of defending the
encomienda; of maintaining
peace and order and
supporting missionaries
These considerations entitled
him with collected of
tributes; within the means of
the subject
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
 Forming A Christian
Civilization
 Convincing the
natives to be
Christians
 Dealing with
Dispersed and
scattered settlement
 Building Church -
Centered Town



Reduccion – barangays
were coaxed and coerced
into organized towns
around the newly-built
church with resident friar
OBJECTIVE: Bring all
indios into Christian
communities ( Bajo de la
Campana)
The new settlement was
helpful in collecting
proper, complete and
accurate tribute.
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
 Transforming A Feudal
Society into a Modern
Nation
 How to develop the
Philippines as a
modern nation?
 How to unify the
Philippines?
 Commercial
Capitalism and
Common Religion
 Commercialism was
introduced
 Catholicism and
Centralized
Government
Spanish Regime 1571 - 1663
o How to build
infrastructure when
there is shortage of
Spanish manpower
o How to stimulate agricul-
tural production
o POLO OR FORCED LABOR
-ships, churches, roads,
other forms of infrastructure
-pay “falla” (exempted)
o BANDALA
-annual quotas to each
Province for the sale of
products
Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663
 Effective
Government
How to govern
the islands
effectively?
 Centralized Authority
 The
governorgeneral: executive,
judiciary and
legislative
 Visita,Residencia,
Archbishop and
subordinate public
officials served as
checks and balances
King of Spain
CENTRALIZED
AUTHORITY
Governor general
The Governor
General assumed
the highest
position in the
land. Vested in
him the powers of
executor and
legislator, and at
times the judiciary.
alcaldia
Alcalde mayor
corregidores
ayuntamiento
corregidor
Governadorcillo
pueblo
Cabeza de barangay
barrio
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 Dutch Aggression
 The
Dutch
Military attacked
the Philippines
 Spanish Defense
 Used
natives in
attacking and
defending the
islands
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 Economic
Rehabilitation
after the Dutch
War
 Finances
were not
stable; economy
declined
 Local Production
 Export
of products:
wheat from Laguna
and Batangas and
mining products
from Camarines
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 National Prosperity
 How
to make the
colony independent
from Mexican aid?
 Galleon Trade
 Chinese
goods were
sent to Europe
through the Manila –
Acapulco trade
 Few men prospered
in the galleon trade
GALLEON TRADE
• During the Spanish era Manila became the leading
commercial center in the region
• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade
• Not all could participate in the Galleon trade
• In the 19th century when commercial liberty was
adopted as a European policy the Galeon trade
decline
• Lasted for 2 ½ centuries until its abolition
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 Chinese Economic
 Exclusion Laws and
Domination
Additional Taxation
 The
 Additional
Chinese were
dominating the
economy
 Chinese were known
as SANGLEYS which
means merchants
tax
besides the annual
residence tax
 immigration be
limited
 Parian: nonChristian Chinese
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 Conflict Between
the Regular and
Secular Clergy

The Spanish regular
clergy were holding the
parishes instead of
Spanish seculars
 Development of a
Native Secular Clergy
 Natives
were
permitted to enter
priesthood
Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763
 Moro Raids

Muslims frequently attack
islands in the Visayas;
killing and pirating goods
from the natives
 Moro Resistance


Establishment of Pilar
Fort in Zamboanga
Juramentado in Jolo to
resist the Spaniards in
the place
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897
 Rehabilitation of a
Shattered Economy
 Tobacco
Monopoly
 The Philippines had

been subsidized by
Mexican treasury for
decades
 Independence of
Mexico

The government
implemented laws and
policy in order for
designated lands and
places to cultivated the
growth of tobacco.
Forcibly asked the natives
to work in the fields
TOBACCO MONOPOLY
• Governor General Jose Basco – founder
• To improve the economy of the Philippines
• Strict cultivation of tobacco was enforced in certain
areas such as: Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos
and Marinduque
• Lasted from 1781 to 1881
Material and Social Advancement
• Rise of Banks
– Obras Pias – earliest banks in the
Philippines which gave loan to
merchants
– Rodriguez Bank – the first Filipino bank
established in Manila by Francisco
Rodriguez
– Banco Español- Filipino – first
government bank in the Philippines
founded by Antonio de Urbiztondo
PHILLIPINE REVOLTS
CAUSES :
A) PERSONAL
 Led by datus, maharlikas and babaylan or catalonans
 Lost prestige and power in their communities
 Want to revert to their own culture (babaylans and
catalonans wanted to return to native religions)
 Lakandula, Soliman, Tamblot, Bankaw and Dagohoy
continuation
B) RELIGIOUS MOTIVES/REASONS
 Led by those who built their own style of syncretic
religions
 Non-acceptance of Spanish popes, bishops and
priests
 Emergence of cults
 Hermano Pule, Francisco Rivera and Tapar
continuation
C) RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED
INSTITUTIONS
 Taxation
 Forced labor
 Galleon trade
 Indulto de comercio
 Monopolies (like the tabacco and basi revolts)
 Magalat, Sumuroy, Palaris and Diego Silang
continuation
D)PEASANT UNREST
 Fraudelent land surveys which led to land grabbing
 Excessive cost of land rental fees
 Maginoos and principalias of Silang, Cavite
Why Philippine Revolts failed
A) INSULAR MAKE-UP OF THE PHILIPPINES
-no sense of national unity because of communication
gap; many ethn0-linguistic groups with their dialects
but no lingua franca
B) IDEA OF NATIONALISM CAME ONLY DURING
THE 19TH CENTURY
C) DIVIDE ET IMPERA
-Spaniards used natives to fight other natives
-co-optation and collaboration of some datus and
maharlikas with the Spaniards
continuation
D) SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND
STRATEGY OF THE SPANIARDS
-Mexican horses
-better firing projectile weapons (culverins, cannons,
muskets, or guns)
-network of spies
E) INTERFERENCE OF FRIARS
continuation
F) ABSENCE OF GOOD LEADERS WHO KNEW
MILITARY STRATEGY
G) “PAPELETAS DE PERMISO” AND “CARTAS DE
RADIO”
-official travel permits and safe-conduct passes
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897
 Collapsed of
Galleon Trade
 Source of income and
livelihood
 Progress after
economic stagnation
 Free Trade
 Opening
of different
ports in the
Philippines through
the suggestion of
Sinibaldo de Mas
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897
 Spread of Liberal
Ideas
 Carlos Maria de la
Torre
 Liberalism from
Europe
 Censorship

Noli Me Tangere and
other propaganda
publication were banned
by the government
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897
 Equality of the
Regular and
Secular Clergy
 Secularization of the
parishes
 Execution of
Gomburza
Experience in Mexico
 Father Burgos believed
in the secualrization

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
A) SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
-when Spain opened the Philippines to world trade,
liberal ideas filtered in
-liberal political filtered in from Europe (ideas of
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke and
Jefferson)
-transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw
material market for Europe increased their contact
with the intellectual tradition of the west
continuation
B) Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) or
Principales
-middle class composed of Asian and Eurasian
mestizos emerged from the economic boom derived
from expanded agriculture and commerce
-Spanish opening of the Philippine ports (1834) to free
trade, commericialization of agriculture and economic
expansion greatly benefited the “principalia” who were
able to send their children to schools here and abroad,
exposing them to more libertarian ideals.
continuation
C) Sentiments against the principales
-masses were dissatisfied with the principales as
intermediaries of the Spanish government
D) Racial Prejudice
-Spaniards regarded Filipino natives as belonging to
an “inferior race”; called them “indios”
-Spanish pre-conceived notion that natives could not
rise beyond their “limited intelligence”
continuation
E) Cultural changes
-Educational Reforms of 1863 dramatically improved
the standards of education in the primary level
-Filipinos were able to pursue higher education
-young men from prosperous families were able to take
up law, medicine and pharmacy
-were able to see the repressive colonial policies of
Spain
-new breed of Filipinos, the “Ilustrados”
continuation
F) Secularization controversy
-can be traced back from the year 1567
-in 1768, parishes were given to unprepared native
seculars (Filipino priests who do not belong to a
religious order)
-by 1859, parishes were desecularized and were given
back to regular priests (Spanish priests belonging to
religious orders
-Filipino priests opposed Spanish friar abuses and
agitated for reforms
continuation
G) Cavite Mutiny of 1872
-Sgt. La Madrid led this mutiny due to the suspension
of the privileges formerly enjoyed by arsenal workers
and engineer corps of the Cavite Naval Shipyard
-this mutiny was used by the Spaniards to implicate
the liberal critics of the government including Filipino
priests who fought for Secularization
-the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened
the growth of Filipino nationalism
Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897
 Propaganda
Movement
 Ilustrados
(enlightened young
men) called for reform
in the government and
assimilation of the
Philippines to Spain
 Non-continuity and non-
implementation of
reforms



Strict in implementing
laws
Intensified attack to the
movement
Friars wrote pamphlets
against the propagandist
Spain: 1880 -1890
Religious
What was Spain like during
the early 1880’s?
How important was the
environment to the young
men of the Philippines
who came to the
Peninsula?
Creoles
and
Mestizos
Education
Politics
Filipinos in Spain
• The young Filipinos were acquainted with a world
different from the Philippines: freedom of speech
against the church, church doctrine and the state;
proclamation of liberties and progress.
• The environment would become a STIMULUS for
CALLING OF CHANGES in the / for the Philippines.
• The grave defects of Spanish government in Spain
led to the disillussionment of the Filipinos.
• Rizal noted in his travels the progress of the places
he visited; and recognized their native qualities
superior to Spaniards; he believed that Filipinos can
handle the affairs of the Philippines
Early Activities of Filipinos in Spain
Filipino nationalists prior to 1880:
PEDRO PATERNO and GREGORIO
SANCIANCO
Sancianco gave a
banquet for Fernando
de Leon y Castillo,
overseas minister of
liberal government in
Sagasta. Sancianco
publish a book on the
abolishment of the
Tobacco Monopoly in
the Philippines.
Although helped the
conomy of the
Philippines, the abuses
and negative
consequences of the
monopoly.
Circulo-Hispano Filipino
 Tha banquet served as the
foundation of CIRCULO-HISPANO
FILIPINO
 Rizal wanted to give more substance
to it; and to use it as vehicle to unite
Filipinos.
 Revista del Circulo-Hispano Filipino