U.S. Imperialism Era
1898-1920
*Spanish-American War, 1898
*American Expansionism
*World War I
Power Point created by Robert L. Martinez Primary Content Sources: The Americans (McDougal Little)
& Mastering The Grade 11 Taks Social Studies Assessment (Killoran, Zimmer, Jarrett).
Spanish-American War, 1898
"Cuban volunteers in their barracks. Many of these were cigar makers at Tampa.
"The "Army of the Cuban Republic" was made up from 40 Cubans from
Jacksonville, 200 from New York, and 150 from Key West. They set sail on the
Florida to join the rebels on May 21st.
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n041306.cfm
The Spanish-American War marked a major
turning point in U.S. foreign relations. At the
conflicts conclusion, America would emerge
as a world empire.
American troops in Havana, Cuba.
http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/war.gif
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10233.cfm
In 1895, Cuban workers rebelled against Spain, seeking
their independence. A Spanish army was sent to
Cuba to crush the rebellion with brutal force. Several
factors led to U.S. intervention in the conflict.
Spanish Frigate “Vizcaya”
http://www.hazegray.org/features/santiago/vizc06.jpg
http://www.zpub.com/cpp/caw5.jpg
SPANISH TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH SAN JUAN,
THE CAPITAL OF PUERTO RICO (a Spanish possession.)
http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/p-0145.jpg
Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to
help the Cuban people in their struggle for
independence from Spain.
America’s Founding Fathers signing the
Declaration of Independence from Great Britain.
Reasons for War: Cuban Independence,
U.S. military and economic interests in
Latin America, the Caribbean, and the
Pacific, and the sinking of the U.S.S.
Maine.
http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/images/d5300hh4.jpg
Publishers like William Heart and Joseph Pulitzer
sensationalized news events to sell newspapers.
Their newspapers deliberately distorted the news
from Cuba with exaggerated stories of atrocities.
William Randolph Hearst
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Journal98.gif
Illustrations such as the one
on the right was printed to
elicit anger from American
readers.
Front Page “Hearst” newspaper illustration:
“Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman
tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism
De Lome Letter
The Spanish ambassador called
President McKinley “weak” in a private
letter that was published in the press.
De Lome’s letter angered Americans
against Spain.
President McKinley
De Lome
http://www.williammckinley.net/
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=53
The American government sought to
protect American investments
(example: sugar & rum) in Cuba and to
block any interruption of U.S. trade with
Cuba.
Cuban Sugar Industry
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/cuba1850-7.gif
“Remember the Maine”
January 25, 1898 -The U.S.S. Maine enters Havana
harbor, about three weeks later it
mysteriously explodes.
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/remember.html
The battleship U.S.S Maine was mysteriously
blown up in Havana in February, 1898. The
press blamed the explosion on Spanish
sabotage, enraging American public opinion.
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr25.html
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/n045404.cfm
In 1898, President William McKinley, finding it
difficult to resist the public outcry after the
destruction of the U.S.S Maine, asks
Congress for a declaration of war against
Spain. On April 20th, the United States
declares war.
President McKinley
http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl12.html
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html
In the Caribbean, hostilities began with a
naval blockade of Cuba. The Spanish
fleet is effectively sealed up in the
harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/n120000/n191610t.jpg
The Spanish fleet tries to escape the American
blockade at Santiago harbor. A naval battle
ensues, and the Spanish fleet is destroyed.
http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/images/12_battle2.jpg
Attempted Escape
of Spanish Fleet
http://www.homeofheroes.com/wallofhonor/spanish_am/12_santiago.html
In June 1898, American forces landed in Cuba.
American forces begin to converge on the port city
of Santiago. The army consisted of 17,000 soldiers,
including four African-American regiments (called
Buffalo soldiers) of regular army and the volunteer
Rough Riders, a cavalry unit. The key to capturing
the city of Santiago was controlling the high grounds
of San Juan Hill.
http://www.veteranmuseum.org/images/cuba-landing.jpg
On the way to secure San Juan Hill, a bloody and
dramatic charge took place on nearby Kettle Hill.
Without direct orders, Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough
Riders, and two African-American regiments
attacked and took Kettle Hill.
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/Rrid1.jpg
The battle of San Juan Hill is the
bloodiest and most popular of all
battles during the Spanish-American
war.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/1898/sanjuan1.gif
Teddy Roosevelt
and the Rough Riders
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Riders
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10253.cfm
“Speak softly and carry a big
stick. You will go far.”
- Teddy Roosevelt
http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/teddy_roosevelt_pictures.htm
Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
conducting regimental drills in San Antonio, Texas,
prior to fighting the Spanish in Cuba.
http://www.bartleby.com/51/13.gif
Rough Riders in San Antonio
http://www.frfrogspad.com/m1895mg.jpg
Rough Rider Reunion 1902,
San Antonio, Texas
At the 1902 reunion in San Antonio, the Rough Rider veterans
agreed to purchase an artificial leg for Private Charles Buckholdt,
who had lost his leg in a fight.
http://www.sharlot.org/exhibits/1898/images/resampled/reunionsanantoniomil238pe%20.JPG
Rough Riders charging
up San Juan Hill
http://www.teddyroosevelt.com/
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/spanam/RRIDS.JPG
American forces quickly overcame the Spanish
navy in the Philippines and defeated Spanish
troops in Cuba.
Skirmish lines in Cuba
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/dp/pennies/SPANISH.JPG
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h01000/h01256.jpg
http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/PhotoAlbum/pr10237.cfm
As a result of the war, the United States
acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
and Guam.
Puerto Rico in the Caribbean
http://www.infoplease.com/atlas/state/puertorico.html
Guam in the Pacific
http://www.map-zone.net/map/guam/
Philippines in the
Pacific
http://www.middleeastnews.com/MapofPhilippines.html
Consequences of
San Juan Hill
• The victory of San Juan Hill boasts morale
and pride of the American people.
• Spain loses control of its possessions in
the Caribbean.
• Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
emerge as national heroes.
• San Juan Hill catapults Roosevelt’s
political career.
Political Cartoon:
American Imperialism
The cartoon displays Uncle Sam
showing off in front of other world
powers, while balancing the
“primitives” of its newly acquired
territories. ..Notice the racial tone and
arrogance of the political cartoon.
http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/NDhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Cartoons/john%20bull.jpg
The U.S. insisted that Cuba add to its new
Constitution, the Platt Amendment,
commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and
giving U.S. the right to intervene in the
country and the right to buy or lease Cuban
land for naval and fueling stations.
Guantánamo Bay Naval Base at the southeastern end of
Cuba has been used by the United States Navy for more than
a century, and is the oldest overseas U.S. Navy Base and the
only one in a country with which the United States does not
have diplomatic relations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base
After the brief war, the United States
emerges from the war in possession of
an overseas empire.
Presidential Campaign Poster for Mckinley-Roosevelt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:10kMiles.JPG
National Hero
After the war with Spain, Roosevelt
returned a hero and was soon elected
governor of New York and then later
won the vice-presidency.
http://www.politicalbadges.com/1896%20Theodore%20Roosevelt%20(for%20Governor%20stud).jpg
http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS122/Teddy/Images/trgov.jpg
American Expansionism
& the Panama Canal
Imperialism
Defined as the domination of one country by another.
European imperialists had seized vast territories in
Africa and Asia. Many Americans felt that the
moment was now right for U.S. imperialism. With the
closing of the American frontier, the nation
continued its expansion overseas.
http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97-98/imper/Philippines/USA.HTM
Some advocates argued that since the United
States was now an industrial power, colonies
could provide needed raw materials for
American factories and a guaranteed market
of U.S. manufacturers.
http://www.jackdaw.com/pc-282-65-american-imperialism.aspx
Others saw colonial expansion as a way of
showing that the United States was a great
nation, arguing the country should grab a
few colonies before nothing was left.
Inspired by Manifest Destiny.
http://en.dcdatabaseproject.com/Image:Uncle_Sam_BNW_1.jpg
In particular, these voices favored American
control of the Caribbean, building a canal
through Panama, and the acquisition of
islands in the Pacific as coaling stations for
ships trading with Asia.
http://www.canalmuseum.com/
Opponents felt that imperialism violated
America’s democratic principles. They
reminded citizens that America was also
once a colony and had fought a war with
Great Britain to break the chains of
imperialism.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware.png
During these Imperialist years, the United
States acquired a colonial empire in the
Pacific consisting of the Philippines,
Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, and Midway.
http://www.historywiz.com/laimp-mm.htm
Formerly part of the Spanish empire, the Philippines
came under U.S. rule after the Spanish-American
War. Filipino rebels had expected independence and
fought against U.S. control until they were defeated
in 1902.
Filipino Rebels
http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/humanities/worldstud/97-98/imper/Philippines/USA.HTM
http://people.bu.edu/juliango/publications_files/GoFostercover%2520copy.jfif
In the mid-19th century, American settlers built sugar
and pineapple plantations on Hawaii. These settlers
overthrew the Hawaiian queen in 1893. After the
outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Congress
voted in favor of the annexation of Hawaii in 1898.
http://harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld006.htm
The U.S. announced the Open Door Policy, favoring
equal trading rights for all foreign nations in China.
In 1900, the Box Rebellion threatened foreigners in
China. An international army, with U.S. participation,
crushed the rebellion, but Americans opposed any
attempt by other nations to use the rebellion to
dismember China.
Boxer Rebel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boxer1900.jpg
Gunship Diplomacy
In 1853, the United States had forced open an
isolationist Japan to Western trade and
influence when Commodore Matthew Perry
landed there with American navy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PerryFleet.jpg
Panama Canal
Military importance: Naval strategists believed
that the United States needed a large navy
and a canal through Central America to
establish itself as a world sea power.
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h73000/h73411.jpg
President Roosevelt took steps to build a canal that
would allow ships to cross between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans without circling South America. The
Isthmus of Panama, the narrowest point in Central
America, was a natural place to build the canal, but
posed may challenges.
http://harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/imperialism/sld049.htm
Natures Challenges
and the Panama Canal
• Tropical climate
• Disease-carrying mosquitoes
• Mountains
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/library/historical/medical_history/yellow_fever/assets/panama.jpg
When Panamanian rebels declared their
independence from Columbia in 1903,
Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to protect
them.
http://www.panamacanalcountry.com/images/US%20stamp%20of%20Ancon%20crossing%20Canal.jpg
In return for U.S. protection, the new
government of Panama gave the United
States control of the Panama Canal
Zone, a ten-mile wide strip of land
through the center of Panama.
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html
• Construction of the canal began in 1904.
• To prevent malaria and yellow fever, the
U.S. Army cleaned up swamps where
infected mosquitoes had bred.
http://yellowfever.lib.virginia.edu/reed/images/03-NC.jpg
http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2006/grade11/ss/images/8graphicaa.gif
They built a series of locks that raised
shops to an artificial lake, across the
central highland, and then lowered
them back to sea level on the other
side.
http://z.about.com/d/cruises/1/0/r/w/1/panama_canal021.jpg
It took the Army Corps of Engineers ten
years to build the enormous locks and
to remove millions of tons of earth to
complete the canal.
http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/joining.html
In the early 20th century, the U.S.
government extended the Monroe
Doctrine through the Roosevelt
Corollary.
http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/uploadimages/169_02_2.jpg
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt
declared that the U.S. would act as an
“international police power” in Latin
America. Rather than let European nations
intervene to collect their debts, the U.S.
would act for them.
http://history.ucsc.edu/history25b/4-24slides_files/slide0010_image058.jpg
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was
used to justify sending troops into Haiti, Nicaragua,
Honduras and the Dominican Republic. In this way,
the United States protected its interests in the
Panama Canal. Later, President Wilson intervened in
both the Caribbean region and Mexico.
www.csub.edu/~gsantos/jpgs/img0099.jpg
The Great War
http://www.doglegs.net/cclovett/World%20War%20I.jpg
Since the War of 1812, Americans had successfully
avoided “entanglements” with Europe. A new turning
point in U.S. policy was reached when America
entered WWI.
American armored troops
going forward in
the Argonne, France,
September 26, 1918
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin15/imag1406.jpg
How does isolationist America get
involved?
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Childrens_Books/Stories_of_the_Great_War/Stories_of_the_Great_War_03.jpg
How does WW I begin?
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Hindenburg%20Line%20006.jpg
A devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation, nationalism led to
competitive and antagonistic rivalries
among nations.
German Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1917
http://www.stahlgewitter.com/jpg_17/kaiser_wilhelm_sofia1.jpg
In this atmosphere of competition, many feared
Germany’s growing power in Europe. In addition,
various ethnic groups resented domination by
others and longed for their nations to become
independent. Many ethnic groups looked to larger
nations for protection (for example: Russia &
Europe’s Slavic peoples.)
Imperial Guards passing
Review before Kaiser
Wilhelm II.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin06/imag0577.jpg
Imperialism
For centuries, European nations built empires, slowly
extending their economic and political control over
various peoples of the world. Colonies supplied the
European imperial powers with raw materials and
provided markets for manufactured goods.
http://web.library.emory.edu/subjects/humanities/history/Nationalism/Nationalism.jpg
As Germany industrialized, it competed
with France and Britain in the contest
for colonies.
http://armsandinfluence.typepad.com/photos/arms_and_influence_refere/kaisersmall1.JPG
New Technology vs. Old Standards
German soldier prepared for gas warfare, but what about the horse?
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0472.jpg
Each nation wanted stronger armed forces
than those of any potential enemy, the
imperial powers followed a policy of
militarism- the development of armed forces
and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/german-soldiers6.jpg
The machine gun, poison gas, airplanes,
and submarines are introduced into
modern warfare, preventing either side
form winning a quick victory.
http://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/pictures/World-Tank-War-I-001.jpg
Zeppelin Attacks (Blimps)
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Aircraft of WW I
http://www.firstaif.info/42/level2/weapons/aircraft-german.htm
Dogfights:
Aircraft in WW I
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
By 1890, Germany was the strongest
nation, which had set up an army
reserve system that drafted and trained
young men.
WW I German Unit on march.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin16/imag1530.jpg
As an island nation, Britain had always relied
on its navy for defense and protection of its
shipping routes. The British navy was the
strongest in the world.
British Fleet heading out to sea.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1802.jpg
In 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser,
decided that his nation should become
a major sea power in order to compete
against the British.
SMS Kaiser
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1835.jpg
Soon British and German shipyards competed
to build the largest battleships and
destroyers.
Deck of a British Warship
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1818.jpg
France, Italy, Japan, and the United States
quickly joined the naval arms races.
Italian cruiser San Giorgio
U.S. Floating Mine
U.S.S. Texas
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0272.jpg
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0662.jpg
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0670.jpg
By 1907 there were two major defense
alliances in Europe.
a. The Triple Entente (the Allies)
b. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
Germany versus the Triple Entente (the Allies).
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te015slide.html
The alliance system provided a measure
of international security because
nations were reluctant to disturb the
balance of power.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Triple Entente
• Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/images/tripleentente.jpg
German Propaganda Poster:
Anti- Triple Entente
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te020slide.html
Triple Alliance
Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a Serbian. The assassination touched
off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, 1914, AustriaHungary declares war against Serbia.
Archdukes car shown riddled with bullets.
The alliance system pulled one nation after another
into the conflict. On August 1, Germany, obligated by
treaty with Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia.
On August 3, Germany declares war on Russia’s ally
France.
Germans in control of the
Russian “Bear.”
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/r008slide.html
The Great War Begins
After Germany invaded Belgium, Britain
declares war on Germany and AustriaHungary.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0489.jpg
Germany’s Schlieffen plan called for a holding
action against Russia, combined with a quick
drive through Belgium to Paris; after France
had fallen, the two German armies would
defeat Russia.
WW I German soldiers on their way
To the Western Front
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0203.jpg
Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to
the Marne River in France, where they halted
the German advance in September 1914.
After struggling to outflank (get around) each
other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long
siege.
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/11-roclincourt-kw64.jpg
By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep,
rat-infested trenches crossed France from the
Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps.
German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches
near Reims (1915)
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/13-lice-hunting-kw70.jpg
French in the Trenches
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Images%20-%20Field%20with%20French%20007.jpg
Western Front
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/map1915.gif
Between the trenches lay “no man’s land” – a
barren expanse of mud pockmarked with
shell craters and filled with barb wire.
Periodically, the soldiers charged enemy
lines, only to be mowed down by machine
gun fire.
WW I German machine-gunners on the Western front.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0258.jpg
This bloody trench warfare, in which armies
fought for mere yards of ground, continued
for over three years. Final casualties totaled
about 1.2 million, yet only about seven miles
of ground changed hands.
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Trenches_Carillo_01.htm
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/trench-warfare.jpg
World War I
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif
President Wilson attempted to follow the
traditional policy of neutrality. Despite his
efforts, the United States eventually became
involved in the conflict.
President Woodrow Wilson
http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/Neutrality%20Cartoon%201.GIF
http://www.books-about-california.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg
Closer ties with the Allies
Many Americans traced their ancestry to
Britain. A common language and history tied
Americans to the British. Britain and France
shared the same democratic political system.
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/hassam/allies_day.jpg
Americans were shocked at Germany’s
invasion of neutral Belgium.
Germans patrolling a small Belgium town.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbelg.JPG
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Germans_in_Belgium/Kriegsbilder%20-%20Belgium%20003.jpg
The Zimmerman telegraph: a secret message
from the German government, promised to
return territories to Mexico if they acted
against the United States. Americans were
outraged when the telegram appeared in the
newspaper.
http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/MOREWW1/ZMMRMN.JPG
A British blockade kept foreign food and arms.
Germans only had submarines to fight back.
http://www.ncwiseowl.org/WebQuest/amhistory/Images/frontpag.jpg
In 1915, a German submarine sank the British
passenger ship Lusitania, killing most
passengers, including 128 Americans.
Germany pledged not to sink any ocean
liners without prior warning.
http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/lusitania_7_may_1915.jpg
By 1917, Germany was suffering near
starvation, and announced unrestricted
submarine warfare.
http://www.sorbie.net/S_sinkinga.jpg
http://home.snu.edu/~dwilliam/s97/casualties/sub.jpg
http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat1.jpg
Despite the announcement of unrestricted submarine
warfare, U.S. merchant ships continued to sail to
Britain. When the number of ships sunk by German
submarines increased dramatically, President Wilson
asked Congress to declare war.
President Wilson appearing before Congress.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg/800px-Wilson
_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg
President Wilson won popular support by
explaining that the war was necessary “to
make the world safe for democracy.”
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Pages/Presidents_War_Message/Presidents_WarMessage_text.html&h=500&w=313&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=rq
uMKrb0J0SwMM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwoodrow%2Bwilson%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den
To fight the war, Wilson was given sweeping
powers. He established new agencies to
regulate the wartime economy. The
government supervised food and industrial
production, shipping, and the railroads.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/conserve.html
Congress passed the Selective Service
Act 0f 1917 to draft men for the army.
Those who actively resisted
conscription or the war effort faced
imprisonment.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/american.html
The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions
on free speech during wartime in Schenck v.
United States.
http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/scales/schenck.gif
http://www.thebestkidsbooksite.com/nonpict/fbookpict/freespeech.jpg
As workers were drafted and sent overseas,
many women and African Americans filled
their job (part of Great Migration.)
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/pics/camera/stamps.jpg
The arrival of American troops helped
break the deadlock in Europe, leading
Germany to surrender in November
1918.
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/TheGeographyOfTheGreatWar/images/Figure35-Page35-sm.jpg
General John J. Pershing
Commanding General of American Expeditionary Force
chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and fighting
alongside the Allies in Europe during WWI.
Believed in aggressive combat and felt that 3 years
of trench warfare had made the Allies too
defensive.
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/graphics/pershing.jpg
American Expeditionary Force
The U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who
fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I.
Nicknamed Doughboys (American infantry),
American forces helped to stop the German
advance, capturing important enemy positions.
http://www.landships.freeservers.com/jpegs/us_unifs/us_artyunifs_3.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/268183163/
The Fourteen Points stated that each major
European nationality should have its own
nation and government. The Points called for
freedom of the seas, reduced armaments,
and an end to secret diplomacy.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16598/16598-h/images/sweeney_012m.jpg
Wilson felt the most important part of his
plan was the creation of an
international peace organization, the
League of Nations, which would
prevent future wars.
Great Britain’s Lloyd George,
France’s Clemenceau and
America’s Wilson walk in Paris
during Versailles Peace
Accords.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hist_big3_versailles.jpg
The final terms of the Treaty of Versailles
were extremely harsh on Germany.
Other treaties were similarly harsh on
Germany’s allies, Austria and Turkey.
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/images/wpvd724u.jpg
Lands lost by Germany
in Versailles Peace Treaty
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/germanlosses.htm
Key Terms of the 1919 Peace Settlement
of World War I
• Germany lost territory to France and Poland,
and all of its colonies.
• Germany lost its navy. Its army was reduced to
the size of a police force.
• Germany had to accept blame for starting the
war and was required to pay reparations
(payment for damages) to the Allies.
• Austria-Hungary was divided into several new,
smaller nations.
• A League of Nations was established.
Senate rejects the League of Nations
Wilson hoped the League of Nations would discourage
future wars. His opponents believed it would drag
Americans into unnecessary military commitments.
The League of Nations failed, in part because many
major world powers, including the United States,
never became members.
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Versailles.jpg
Wilson needed two-thirds of the Senate to
ratify the treaty. Wilson appealed directly to
American voters by going on a national
speaking tour. Wilson failed to realize that
Americans were disillusioned with world
affairs. During the tour, President Wilson
suffers a crippling stroke.
President Wilson dies as a result
of his stroke on February 3, 1924.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson2.jpg
During the 1920’s, Americans once again
followed George Washington’s advice “to
steer clear of permanent alliances with any
portion of the foreign world.” Isolationismrefusing to become involved in other
countries’ affairs.
http://www.gamepuppet.com/presidents/george-washington.htm
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martin_awl/medialib/download/2004.jpg
Woman’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcohol
were passed at the end of World War I, becoming
the final reforms of the Progressive Era.
Americans sought prosperity rather than further reform
ending the Progressive era of reform.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/ProhibitionPoster.jpg
http://ap.grolier.com/images/cache/001/ht13t.jpg