The Growth of a Young Nation
The Jeffersonian Era
Jefferson won a close and bitter Election in 1800



Won the most popular vote
Tied in electoral college with Aaron Burr
Hamilton broke the tie
12th Amendment changed the way the president would
be chosen
Jefferson’s Theory-Jeffersonian republicanism


People should control the government
Government should be simple and small
He reduced the size of the military and lowered
governmental expenses
Jeffersonian Era
He was the first president
to take office in the new
federal capitalWashington DC
1st of three presidents
from VA
This showed rise of
southern political power
At the same time the
Supreme Court was
increasing its power
Marbury vs. Madison
Chief Justice was John
Marshall
Strengthened power of
Supreme Court
Ruled a law passed by
congress unconstitutional
This power was called
judicial review
1803-Jefferson got chance to buy land from France
Wasn’t sure he had Constitutional power to buy it
Bought it anyway-3 cents per acre
Called the Louisiana Purchase
New boundaries stretched from Mississippi River to
the Rocky Mountains
Louisiana Purchase
Madison and War of 1812
Britain and France were at war
Both threatened American ships
British engaged in impressment


seized American sailors
forced to serve in British navy
America’s anger grew
Madison becomes president in
1808
He asks Congress to declare war
on Britain
War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
The British attacked Washington DC
Madison had to flee the city
Andrew Jackson defeats British at New Orleansbecomes a hero!
Treaty of Ghent ended the war
Three outcomes of war



Anti-war Federalists Party died out
America began to develop their own industries
Showed that United States was truly independent
Nationalism
National pride grew after the war
1816-Monroe elected
Choses John Quincy Adams as
Sec. Of State
Adams based foreign policy on
nationalism

Nation’s intrest come before what a
region wants
He settled some issues with Britain
Convinced Spain to give Florida to
United States-with help of Jackson
Monroe Doctrine
1823-Monroe warned European nations not
interfere with any nation in the Americas
He said United States would stay out of
European affairs
Policy statement was known as Monroe
Doctrine
Still used today!
The Age of Jackson
Chapter 3 sec. 2
Regional Economic Create Differences
Early in the 19th century regions of the
US developed differently.
Northern states economy depended on
Commerce

Trade, shipping, production of materials
The South remained agricultural

Cotton, tobacco
Missouri Compromise
1818: Settlers wanted admission
Free or Slave State?
The Compromise
Maine admitted as free state
 Missouri as a slave

The rest of the Louisiana Territory
Split into 2 parts
 36’ 30
 Slavery banned in the North (except for Missouri)
 South of it was legal

Indian Removal Act of
1830
Under the Authority of President Jackson
Forceful removal of Native Amer. to west
Removal of Indian


from 1831-33
Again in 1835
An estimated 30,000 Indians forced to move
west of the Mississippi.
Worcester v. Georgia 1832
The Cherokee Nation took the state of Georgia to
court
They won their case
Jackson refused to follow the order
Even so, still forcibly removed
Indians walked 1000s of miles
1/4of the Cherokee would die along the way
The Trial Of Tears
Nullification
Southerners objected to tariffs
John C. Calhoun fought for states’ rights
Argued that states could nullify federal laws they felt
were unconstitutional
1832-South Carolina tried to nullify a federal tariff

threatened to secede from the union
Daniel Webster (Mass) opposed nullification
Henry Clay worked out compromise to keep S.C in
Union
Bank War
Jackson was against 2nd
National Bank
Took federal money out of
the national bank and put it
in other hands
National bank went of
existence
People began to think that
Jackson had too much
power
Whig Party was formed
Election of 1824
John C. Calhoun
John Quincy Adams
William Crawford
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
Democrat
Republican
Whig
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
Growth of
Political Parties
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
Daniel Webster
Hugh White
Election of 1840
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
Panic of 1837
Martin Van Buren Elected President in 1836
By 1837-many banks that Jackson had put money into
failed
Helped cause the Panic of 1837 and a depression
1840-Van Buren loses to Wm Henry Harrison (Whig)
Harrison dies soon after-vice-president john Tyler
takes over
Manifest Destiny
Chapter 3 Section 3
Terms and Names
Manifest destiny
Santa Fe Trail
Oregon Trail
Stephen F Austin
Texas Revolution
The Alamo
Sam Houston
James K Polk
Republic of California
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Settling the Frontier
Many Americans believed that God wanted them to
move across the continent
Believed that they were meant to control the westmanifest destiny
Why go west?


Economic reasons-cheap land
After panic of 1837 many wanted fresh start
Paths to the west


Santa Fe Trail-Independence, MO & Santa Fe, New Mexico
Oregon Trail-Independence & Portland, Oregon
Mormons-used Oregon trail to Utah
Had been persecuted in the East
Settled on edge of the Great Salt Lake
Texas Independence
1820s-Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in Texas
They were offered land to help make area more stable
Stephen F Austin-set up a colony of Americans in Texas
Soon Anglos outnumbered the Spanish-speaking Texans
Created cultural differences



English instead of Spanish
Protestant instead of Catholic
Southerners who brought slaves
Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829
Mexicans unsuccessful in getting Texans to free slaves
Texas Independence
Mexico tried to keep more Americans
from coming
Settlers came anyway
Austin asks Mexico for self-government
in Texas
1836-War breaks out-called Texas
Revolution
Small Texas force tried to defend the
Alamo
All 187 Americans were killed when
Mexico captured the mission
“Remember the Alamo”
Became the rallying cry for
Texas rebels
Sam Houston became
commander of the Texans


They captured Santa Anna
Won their independence
1844-James K Polk-President


Slaveholder
Favored westward expansion
1845-Texas admitted as state
The Mexican-American War 1846-48
For the first time the US went to war not for independence,
or foreign provocation but for territorial expansion.
Polk, believed war with Mexico would allow the US to take
over the Texas, New Mexico and California territory
Polk implied that Texas was a part of the Louisiana
purchase, and treated it as US property
Sent troops under Gen. Zachary Taylor to protect our
border’s
Tension escalated when Taylor crossed the Rio Grande.
An American Soldier was found dead and an American
patrol was attacked.
That all the provocation Polk needed to declare war
After several military victories
Mexico conceded defeat
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande
as the border
The US gained Texas, New
Mexico And California
1848-Gold discovered in California
People “rushed” to California for gold
These “49ers” came from all over America as well as other countries
California’s population exploded
San Francisco became a boom town
Thousands of people came to California
Development of farming, manufacturing,
shipping, and banking grew rapidly
Chapter 3 Section 4
Great economic changes in the US during the first
half of the 19th century
Market revolution-people bought and sold goods
rather than making them for themselves
Free enterprise-economic system in which private
businesses and individuals control production
Both expanded at this time
Entrepreneurs-invested in new industries
New industries produced goods that:




Made life more comfortable
Improved manufacturing
Improved transportation
Improved communications
New Inventions
Different regions became dependent on
each other
Each region needed goods produced by
other regions
North became the center of commerce
and manufacturing
Midwest became a farming region

Crops were carried by canal and train to
markets in the East
South remained agricultural



Cotton
Rice
Tobacco

Slaves were used to raise those crops
Changing Workplaces
New market economy changed the way Americans
worked
Factories took the place of home shops
New machines allowed unskilled workers make
goods that skilled workers had made
These workers had to work in factories
Thousands of people worked in textile mills



Hired young women instead of men-could be paid less
“Mill girls” lived in boarding houses owned by factories
Working conditions were horrible

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
Workday-more than 12 hours-a-day
Hot, noisy and dirty
Many became ill
Workers Organize
Bad working conditions led workers to unite
1834-Lowell textile mill cut wages by 15%
Mill girls went on strike
Public support was against the workers
1830s-40s-there were many strikes for shorter work
days
Employers won strikes by hiring strike-breakers

Many were European immigrants
Immigration increased between 1830-1860
Most met prejudice in the United States
The First Unions
Small trade unions began to band
together in the 1830s
National Trades’ Union formed in
1834

Represented a variety of trades
At first strikes were declared illegal
1842-Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court
supported the workers right to strike
Reforming American Society
TOPIC
AIMS/GOALS
Second Great Awakening Bring more people to God
Unitarianism
Transcendentalism
Abolition
Women’s Rights
Religious and Social Reforms of the 19th Century
Second Great
Awakening
Educational
Reform
Women’s
Rights
Lyman Beecher
Charles G Finney
Lyman Beecher
Horace Mann
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Abolitionist
Fredrick Douglas
Henry Highland Garnet
William Lloyd Garrison
Mentally Ill &
Handicapped
Dorothea Dix
Thomas Gallaudet
Samuel Gridley Howe
Temperance
Movement
Lyman Beecher
Study
FOR
Your