Chapter 6 Section 2 Chapter 6 Section 2: A Critical Time Set Question: Looking at the painting of Valley Forge below what were some of the challenges faced by Washington’s Army when they spent the winter of 1777-1778 there? (2 complete sentences) A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Objectives • Discover the results of fighting in the Middle States. • Understand why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution. • Learn how foreign nations and volunteers helped the Americans. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Terms and People • Nathan Hale – Connecticut officer and American spy who was executed by the British • mercenary – soldier who is paid to fight for a country other than his or her own • alliance – formal agreement between two powers to work together toward a common goal • Marquis de Lafayette – French noble and highranking officer in Washington’s army A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Terms and People (continued) • cavalry – units of troops on horseback • Friedrich von Steuben – German baron who helped train the Continental army A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 How were the early years of the war a critical time? In 1776, Americans declared their independence. But they were not yet free. Declaration of Independence First, they had to defeat one of the world’s most powerful nations. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 As the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, a large British fleet landed in New York. The fleet was commanded by Sir William Howe. Howe gathered his forces on Staten Island and prepared to attack the Continental army. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 George Washington expected the attack. But his troops were no match for the British. Americans British • 20,000 poorly trained volunteers • 34,000 professional soldiers • No navy • Navy fleet; 10,000 sailors • Little equipment; few supplies • Well equipped; fully supplied A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 In a series of battles and American retreats, the British drove Washington from New York, across New Jersey, and into Pennsylvania. British Americans A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Spirits were low, and many soldiers deserted. To boost morale Thomas Paine wrote another pamphlet, The Crisis, urging Americans to fight for their cause. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Though his army was battered, Washington rallied his troops for a surprise attack. Battle of Princeton Battle of Trenton On Christmas night, Washington crossed the Delaware, slipping into New Jersey. His army defeated Hessian mercenaries and British troops in two key battles. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Another American victory soon followed. The British had planned to push toward Albany, New York, from three directions. British They hoped to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies. A Critical Time Albany, New York New England Chapter 6 Section 2 Two forces never arrived. The third, coming from Canada, was led by British general John Burgoyne. Americans led by General Horatio Gates surrounded Burgoyne’s troops at Saratoga, New York. After suffering heavy losses, Burgoyne surrendered. A Critical Time Battle of Saratoga Chapter 6 Section 2 The Revolutionary War, 1775–1777 A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 The Battle of Saratoga proved to be a turning point for the Americans. • ended British threat to New England • lifted Patriot spirits • convinced Europeans Americans could win A Critical Time Battle of Saratoga Chapter 6 Section 2 Soon after Saratoga, France agreed to support American independence. France forms an alliance with the Americans United States Eager to weaken Britain, France took the war to Europe, forcing the British to fight on many fronts. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 European volunteers from many nations made key contributions to the Patriot cause. France Marquis de Lafayette Officer in Washington’s army Poland Poland Thaddeus Kosciusko Military engineer A Critical Time Casimir Pulaski Cavalry expert Chapter 6 Section 2 Friedrich von Steuben, a German baron, helped train American troops and build the Continental army into a more effective fighting force. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Valley Forge Despite Patriot advances, the winter of 1777–1778 was difficult. Washington and his troops faced terrible hardships at Valley Forge. They had little warm clothing, and almost no food. Many died. Yet spring finally came, and the army slowly regained strength for the battles ahead. A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Washington’s quarters at Valley Forge A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Closing Questions 1. What battle is known as the turning point of the Revolution? 2. After the battle that is considered the turning point what European country decides to help the Revolution? 3. Where does Washington house his army during the winter of 1777-1778? (use pages 179-184 if needed) A Critical Time Chapter 6 Section 2 Section Review QuickTake Quiz A Critical Time Know It, Show It Quiz