GWH Chapter 12B - Stamford High School

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Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The Renaissance

Section 2 The Intellectual and Artistic

Renaissance

Section 3 The Protestant Reformation

Section 4 The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Key Events

As you read, look for the key events in the history of the Renaissance and the

Reformation in Europe.



• Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals began to reexamine the culture of the Greeks and Romans.

Historians later referred to this period of

European history as the Renaissance. 

• Martin Luther’s break with the Catholic

Church led to the emergence of the

Protestant Reformation.

Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.

Key Events

As you read, look for the key events in the history of the Renaissance and the

Reformation in Europe.

• During the period known as the Catholic

Reformation, the Catholic Church enacted a series of reforms that were successful in strengthening the Church.

The Impact Today

The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. 

• Western art is founded on classical styles developed by the Greeks and Romans. 

• Machiavelli’s views on politics had a profound influence on later political leaders in the Western world and are still studied in universities today. 

• The Jesuits have founded many Catholic colleges and universities in the United

States.



Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 

• list three characteristics of the

Renaissance. 

• explain the three estates of Renaissance society. 

• explain Renaissance education.



• describe artistic contributions of the

Renaissance. 

• describe Christian humanism.



Chapter Objectives

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• describe Luther’s role in the Reformation.



• describe religious changes in Switzerland, in England, and within the Catholic church.



The Renaissance

Main Ideas

• Between 1350 and 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement. 

• City-states were the centers of political, economic, and social life in Renaissance Italy. 

Key Terms

• urban society



• secular



• mercenary



• dowry



The Renaissance

People to Identify

• Leonardo da Vinci



• Francesco Sforza



• Cosimo de’ Medici



• Lorenzo de’ Medici



• Niccolò Machiavelli



Places to Locate

• Milan



• Venice



• Florence



• Rome



The Renaissance

Preview Questions

• What was the Renaissance?



• Describe the political world that existed in the Italian states.



The Renaissance

Preview of Events


The three-volume Gutenberg Bible was organized into two 42-line columns per page. In the later stages of production, six people worked simultaneously on composing the type. About 40 Gutenberg

Bibles are still in existence, including perfect copies in the U.S. Library of

Congress, the French Bibliothèque

Nationale, and the British Library.

The Italian Renaissance

• The word renaissance means rebirth. 

• The Italian Renaissance, which spread to the rest of Europe, occurred between

1350 and 1550. 

• The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and

Roman worlds.



(pages 375 –376)


(cont.)

• Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban society.



• The powerful city-states of the Middle Ages became political, economic, and social centers. 

• A secular, or worldly, viewpoint developed in this urban society as increasing wealth created new opportunities for material enjoyment.

(pages 375 –376)




(cont.)

• The Renaissance was also an age when the power of the Church declined, and society recovered from the plagues and instability of the Middle Ages. 

• Part of this recovery was a rebirth of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman cultures.



(pages 375 –376)


(cont.)

• A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth emerged in the Renaissance.



• The well-rounded, universal person was capable of achievements in many areas of life. 

• For example, Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician.

(pages 375 –376)




(cont.)

• The upper classes were more affected by the Italian Renaissance than the lower classes, and they embraced its ideals more. 

• Even so, many of the intellectual and artistic achievements were hard to ignore. 

• Churches, wealthy homes, and public buildings displayed art that celebrated the human body, classical antiquity, and religious and secular themes.

(pages 375 –376)




(cont.)

What term in English expresses the

Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented person?

The term is Renaissance man.


Space Bar to display the answer.

(pages 375 –376)

The Italian States

• The northern and central Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, and Florence played crucial roles in the Italian politics of the time. 

• They prospered from trade with the

Byzantine, Islamic, and Mediterranean civilizations. 

• They set up trading centers in the east during the Crusades, and they exchanged goods with merchants in England and the

Netherlands.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• The wealthy city of Milan was located in the north at the crossroads of the main trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes. 

• After the last Visconti family ruler died in

1447, Francesco Sforza conquered the city with a band of mercenaries –soldiers for hire. 

• He made himself duke.



• Like the Viscontis, Sforza built a strong centralized state with an efficient tax system that generated large revenues for the government.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• Venice was a link between Asia and western Europe. 

• Traders from all over the world came there. 

• A small group of wealthy merchants ran the city to serve their interests. 

• Due to its trade empire, Venice was an international power.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• The republic of Florence dominated the

Tuscany region. 

• In the fourteenth century a wealthy group of merchants controlled the Florentine government, led a series of successful wars against their neighbors, and established Florence as a major city-state. 

• In 1434, Cosimo de’ Medici took control of Florence. 

• He, and later his grandson Lorenzo de’

Medici, dominated Florence when it was the cultural center of Italy.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• In the late 1440s, Florence’s economy declined because of English and Flemish competition for the cloth market.



• At the same time a Dominican preacher named Girolamo Savonarola condemned the Medicis’ corruption and excesses.



• Many people followed him, causing the

Medicis to give them control of Florence. 

• Eventually people tired of Savonarola’s regulations on gambling, swearing, dancing, painting, and other such activities.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• He was convicted of heresy and executed in 1498 after criticizing the pope. 

• The Medicis returned to power.



(pages 376 –378)


(cont.)

• Attracted by Italy’s riches, Charles VIII of

France led an army of thirty thousand men into Italy in 1494.



• He occupied Naples in the south.



• Northern Italian states asked Spain to help. 

• For the next 30 years, France and Spain made Italy their battleground.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

• In 1527 thousands of Spanish troops along with mercenaries arrived at Rome.



• They had not been paid for months and demanded money. 

• The leader let them sack Rome as their pay. 

• The soldiers went crazy in a frenzy of bloodshed and looting. 

• The authorities had to establish order.



• This sacking of Rome ended the wars and left Spain a dominant force in Italy.

(pages 376 –378)




(cont.)

What are the world’s largest trading cities today?

Possible answers: New York, Tokyo,

Paris, and Rome are some of the world’s largest trading cities today.



(pages 376 –378)

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft

• The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli is one of the most influential works on political power in the western world. 

• It concerns how to get and keep political power. 

• Previously authors had stressed that princes should be ethical and follow

Christian principles. 

• Machiavelli argued the prince’s attitude toward power should be based on understanding that human nature is selfinterested.

(pages 378 –379)




(cont.)

• A prince, therefore, should not act on moral principles but on behalf of the interests of the state.



• Machiavelli was among the first to abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity. 

• His views influenced political leaders who followed.

(pages 378 –379)




(cont.)

Should political leaders adhere to basic moral principles when pursuing the state’s affairs or just look out for the state’s interests?

Possible answer: It may be in a state’s interest to adhere to fundamental moral principles.

(pages 378 –379)



Renaissance Society

• The Renaissance saw some changes in the medieval division of society into three estates, or social classes.

(pages 379 –381)


(cont.)

• The noble or aristocrat was expected to fulfill certain ideals. 

• The Italian Baldassare Castiglione expressed these in The Book of the

Courtier.



• He described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble. 

• Nobles were expected to have talent, character, and grace.

(pages 379 –381)




(cont.)

• They also had to develop two skills: they had to perform military and physical exercises, and they had to gain a classical education and enrich life with the arts. 

• The noble also had to follow a standard of conduct. 

• Nobles were to show their achievements with grace.



• The goal of the perfect noble was to serve his prince honestly. 

• Nobles followed Castiglione’s principles for centuries.

(pages 379 –381)




(cont.)

• Peasants made up 85 to 90 percent of the total European population, except in highly urban centers.



• Serfdom decreased with the decline of the manorial system. 

• More peasants became legally free.



• Townspeople comprised the remainder of the third estate. 

• Patricians, burghers, and workers and the unemployed made up the three classes of the towns.

(pages 379 –381)




(cont.)

• Patricians had wealth from trade, banking, and industry. 

• The burghers were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services for the townspeople.



• Workers made pitiful wages.



• During the late 1300s and the 1400s, urban poverty increased dramatically.

(pages 379 –381)




(cont.)

• To maintain the family, parents arranged marriages, often to strengthen family or business ties.



• The agreement between families was sealed with a marriage contract, which included the terms of the dowry, a sum of money the bride’s family paid to the groom.



(pages 379 –381)


(cont.)

• The father-husband was the center of the

Italian family. 

• He gave it his name, managed the finances, and made decisions that determined his children’s lives.



• The mother’s role was to supervise the household. 

• The father’s authority over his children was absolute.

(pages 379 –381)




(cont.)

• Children did not become adults simply by reaching an age. 

• Rather, the father had to go before a judge and formally free a child from his authority for that person to be recognized as an adult.



(pages 379 –381)


(cont.)

What are the criteria that indicate a person has reached adulthood today?

(pages 379 –381)

Checking for Understanding

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

A. urban society are the center of political, economic, and social life

B. secular

C. mercenary paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband, or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife

D. dowry services to the highest bidder


Space Bar to display the answers.


Explain how the Spanish became involved in the Italian wars.

When the French invaded, the northern Italian states turned to Spain for help.




Summarize the characteristics of

Castiglione’s perfect noble.

The perfect noble was born, not made.

He had character, grace, and talent and was well rounded.



Critical Thinking

Explain Why was a strong family bond so important in Renaissance

Italy?

A strong family bond was important for financial security.



Analyzing Visuals

Identify details in the painting of Venice on page 376 of your textbook that show it is a major city-state with a profitable trade empire. Find other images of

Venice in your school library and compare them to this painting.

There is impressive architecture, and there are well-dressed people at leisure.



Close

Review Greek and Roman civilizations, their social roles, art, and architecture. Discuss specific ways in which the Renaissance was a rebirth of these ideals.

The Intellectual and Artistic

Renaissance

Main Ideas

• The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism. 

• The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci. 

Key Terms

• humanism



• fresco




Renaissance


• Petrarch



• Dante



• Michelangelo



• Jan van Eyck



• Albrecht Dürer




• Canterbury



• Flanders




Renaissance


• What were the characteristics of Italian

Renaissance humanism? 

• What were the chief achievements of European

Renaissance painters?




Renaissance



The first recorded patent for an industrial invention was granted in 1421 in Florence to the architect Filippo Brunelleschi. The patent gave him a three-year monopoly on the manufacture of a barge with hoisting gear used to transport marble.

Italian Renaissance Humanism

• The secularism and individualism of the

Renaissance was most apparent in its intellectual and artistic movements.



• One intellectual movement was humanism. 

• Humanism was based on the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and

Rome. 

• Humanists studied the subjects that are now known as the humanities –for example, poetry, philosophy, and history.

(pages 382 –383)




(cont.)

• Petrarch (fourteenth century) did the most to foster humanism’s development.



• He generated a movement of finding forgotten Latin manuscripts, especially in monastic libraries. 

• He emphasized using pure classical Latin

(Roman Latin, not medieval Latin). 

• Cicero was the model for prose and Virgil for poetry.

(pages 382 –383)




(cont.)

• Fourteenth-century humanists had emphasized that the intellectual life was solitary, rejecting family and community engagement. 

• Humanists of the early 1400s took an interest in civic life. 

• They believed that the humanities and humanists should serve the state.



• Many humanists served as secretaries to popes and princes.

(pages 382 –383)




(cont.)

What might have been the effect on many people of the new study of the classics and the humanities?

People felt freed from the constrictions of medieval life and felt a new sense of discovery and self-reliance.

(pages 382 –383)



Vernacular Literature

• Some writers wrote in the language of their regions, such as Italian, English, or French.



• In the fourteenth century the Italian works of Dante and the English works of

Geoffrey Chaucer helped make such vernacular literature more popular.



(pages 383)


(cont.)

• Dante’s vernacular masterpiece is the

Divine Comedy.



• This long poem is in three parts: Hell,

Purgatory, and Heaven (Paradise). 

• Dante is led on an imaginary journey through these realms, ending in Paradise, where he beholds God: “the love that moves the sun and the other stars.”

(pages 383)




(cont.)

• Chaucer’s most famous vernacular work is The Canterbury Tales.



• His beauty of expression and clear and forceful language helped make his dialect the chief ancestor of modern English. 

• This collection of stories is told by a group of 29 pilgrims going to the tomb of Saint

Thomas à Becket at Canterbury. 

• Chaucer portrays the entire range of

English society.

(pages 383)




(cont.)

• Christine de Pizan was a woman who wrote in French. 

• Her 1404 book, The Book of the City of

Ladies, denounced the many male writers who argued that women by nature are not able to learn and are easily swayed.



• She argued that women could learn if they were able to attend the same schools as men.

(pages 383)




(cont.)

Does contemporary society in general treat girls and boys equally in terms of educational capacities and opportunities?

(pages 383)

Education in the Renaissance

• Renaissance humanists believed that education could dramatically change human beings.



• They wrote books on education and opened schools.



(pages 383

–384)


(cont.)

• Liberal studies–history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar and logic, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music –were at the core of humanist schools because it was thought that these subjects allowed individuals to reach their full potential. 

• Liberal studies helped people attain virtue and wisdom, which develop the highest gifts that ennoble people. 

• Liberally educated people also learned the rhetorical skills to persuade others to take the path of wisdom and virtue.

(pages 383

–384)




(cont.)

• Following the Greek ideal, humanist educators also stressed physical education, including dancing.



• The goal of humanist education was to create complete citizens. 

• Humanist schools provided the model for the basic education of the European ruling classes until the twentieth century.

(pages 383

–384)




(cont.)

• Females rarely attended these schools.



• Those that did received an education that emphasized religion, morals, and domestic, artistic skills like singing and lute playing, so they could become good

Christian wives and mothers. 

• They were not taught mathematics or rhetoric.

(pages 383

–384)




(cont.)

What are the true goals of education?

Possible answers: Individual development, civic participation, and employment are true goals of education.



(pages 383

–384)

The Artistic Renaissance in Italy

• Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works so viewers would see the reality of what they were portraying.



• They also had a new world perspective, one in which human beings were the

“center and measure of all things.”



• Many of the artistic breakthroughs occurred in Florence.

(pages 384

–386)




(cont.)

• Masaccio’s fifteenth-century frescoes are considered the first masterpieces of early Renaissance art

(1400 –1490).



• A fresco is a painting done on wet plaster with water-based paints. 

• Unlike the flat figures of medieval painting, Masaccio’s figures have depth because he used the laws of perspective to create the illusion of three dimensions.

(pages 384

–386)




(cont.)

• The realism of perspective became a signature of Renaissance painting. 

• Using geometry to understand the laws of perspective and the organization of space and light, and studying human movement and anatomy perfected this realistic style of painting. 

• The realistic portrayal of individual persons, especially the human nude, became one of the chief aims of Italian

Renaissance art.

(pages 384

–386)




(cont.)

• There were similar stunning advances in sculpture. 

• Donatello modeled his figures on Greek and Roman statues. 

• Among his most famous works is the realistic, freestanding figure of Saint

George.



(pages 384

–386)


(cont.)

• The architect Filippo Brunelleschi created a new architecture based on

Roman classical buildings.



• His church of San Lorenzo in Florence does not overwhelm the worshipper, as

Gothic cathedrals might, but offers a space to fit human needs. 

• Renaissance architects also sought to reflect a human-centered world.

(pages 384

–386)




(cont.)

• The last stage of Renaissance painting is called the High Renaissance

(1490 –1520).



• The artistic giants Leonardo da Vinci,

Raphael, and Michelangelo dominated this period. 

• Leonardo mastered realistic painting, but his goal was to create idealized forms to capture the perfection of nature and the individual.

(pages 384

–386)




• By age 25, Raphael was recognized as one of Italy’s greatest painters.



(cont.)

• His madonnas, in which he also tried to achieve an ideal beauty surpassing human standards, were especially admired.



• His famous fresco, School of Athens, reveals a world of balance, harmony, and order –the underlying principles of classical art.

(pages 384

–386)




• Michelangelo

(cont.) was an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect known for his great passion and energy.



• His paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine

Chapel in Rome show the beauty of an idealized human being who reflects divine beauty. 

• The more beautiful the body, the more godlike the figure.

(pages 384

–386)




(cont.)

Look at Raphael’s painting School of Athens on page 386 of your textbook. The figures under the arch are the Greek philosophers

Plato (left) and Aristotle (right). Remembering what you learned about the differences between their philosophies, why is Plato pointing to the heavens and Aristotle pointing to the earth?

Plato is pointing to the realm of ideal Forms that he believed contained reality, while

Aristotle is indicating that reality is found in the realm of observation and experience.

(pages 384

–386)



The Northern Artistic

Renaissance

• The artists of the Low Countries–presentday Belgium, Luxembourg, and the

Netherlands –took a different approach to realistically portraying the world. 

• They illustrated books and wooden panels for altarpieces, in part because their

Gothic cathedrals did not have the wall space of the Italian churches on which to paint frescoes. 

• The small scale made the northern painters masters of detail.

(pages 386

–387)




Renaissance

(cont.)

• The most important artistic center in the north was Flanders.



• The Flemish painter Jan van Eyck was among the first to use oil paint, which allowed the artist to use a wide variety of colors and create fine details. 

• Each detail was painted as it was seen.



• At first, northern Renaissance painters did not study the laws of perspective, but achieved realism through observing reality.

(pages 386

–387)




Renaissance

(cont.)

• Then such artists as the German

Albrecht Dürer incorporated the laws of perspective. 

• His famous Adoration of the Magi keeps the northern emphasis on details but fits them together harmoniously according to the laws of perspective. 

• Like the Italian artists of the High

Renaissance, Dürer tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty based on a careful examination of the human form.

(pages 386

–387)




Renaissance

(cont.)

In the classroom library, look up the term genre painting.

What is it, and why do you think it most notably flourished in the painting of seventeenth-century Holland?

Genre painting is the painting of scenes from everyday life. One reason it flourished in seventeenth-century Holland is that it developed from the paintings in the northern Renaissance, which emphasized the material details of the scenes being painted.

(pages 386

–387)





A. humanism wet plaster with water-based paints

B. fresco based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history




Summarize Christine de Pizan’s main argument in The Book of the City of Ladies.

Why did her ideas receive so much attention?

Pizan’s main argument is that women could learn.




Compare the underlying principles of both classical Greek and Roman art with Italian Renaissance art. How are the principles similar? How are they different?

Like Renaissance art, both classical

Greek and Roman art display balance, harmony, and order; unlike Greek and

Roman art, Renaissance art portrays a human reflection of the divine.




Compare and Contrast How do the humanist goals and philosophy of education developed during the

Renaissance compare with the goals of your high school education?


Compare the paintings of Raphael and Dürer, shown on page 386 and

387 of your textbook. What themes does each artist explore? How does each painting reflect the history of the culture in which it was produced?

Raphael’s painting shows philosophy and antiquity. It also reflects the

Renaissance interest in antiquity.

Dürer’s painting is religious.



Close

Recognize the impact of the art masterpieces that were created during this time and that it was wealthy Italian families and the Catholic Church who were the primary sponsors of

Renaissance Art.

The Protestant Reformation

Main Ideas

• The major goal of humanism in northern

Europe was to reform Christendom. 

• Martin Luther’s religious reforms led to the emergence of Protestantism. 

Key Terms

• Christian humanism



• salvation



• indulgence





• Martin Luther



• Desiderius Erasmus



• Charles V




• Wittenberg



• Bohemia



• Hungary





• What were the beliefs of Christian humanists?



• Explain what is meant by justification by grace through faith alone.






Half the proceeds of the German sales of indulgences was to be used to pay off the large debt of the archbishop and elector

Albert of Mainz, who had incurred the debt to pay the pope for his appointment to office.

Erasmus and Christian Humanism

• The Protestant Reformation, begun by

Martin Luther in the early sixteenth century, divided the western Church into

Catholic and Protestant groups. 

• Earlier developments set the stage for this event.



(pages 389

–390)


(cont.)

• Italian humanism spread to northern

Europe creating a movement called

Christian humanism.



• Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. 

• They wanted to reform the Catholic

Church. 

• This reform would occur through developing inner piety, or religious feeling, based on studying the works of

Christianity.

(pages 389

–390)




(cont.)

• The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus.



• He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ,” meant to show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve salvation. 

• He stressed inward piety, not external observance of rules and rituals.

(pages 389

–390)




(cont.)

• To reform the Church, Erasmus wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, educate people about Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Church. 

• In his 1509 work The Praise of Folly, he especially criticized the monks. 

• Erasmus did not want to break away from the Church, as later reformers would.



• Yet people of his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

(pages 389

–390)




(cont.)

Why might the clergy object to the movement of Christian humanism?

Its belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves would lessen the need for the clergy and the

Church to teach and lead people.

(pages 389

–390)



Religion on the Eve of the

Reformation

• People were calling for reform in part because of corruption in the Catholic

Church. 

• Between 1450 and 1520 a series of popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. 

• They were more concerned with the political interests of the Papal States. 

• Julius II, the “warrior-pope,” even led armies against his enemies. 

• Many people were disgusted with him and the Catholic Church.

(pages 390

–391)




Reformation

(cont.)

• Many Church officials used their offices to advance their careers and wealth, and many local priests seemed ignorant of their spiritual duties, especially instructing the faithful on achieving salvation – acceptance into Heaven. 

• As a result, obtaining salvation became almost mechanical; by collecting relics, for example.



• Venerating a saint could gain an indulgence –release from all or part of punishment for sin –according to the

Church of the time.

(pages 390

–391)




Reformation

(cont.)

• Some people sought salvation in the popular mystical movement called the

Modern Devotion, which stressed the need to follow the teaching of Jesus, not Church dogma. 

• Most people found the Church unconcerned with their spiritual needs. 

• This environment helps explain Luther’s ideas.

(pages 390

–391)




Reformation

(cont.)

Why might Christians have been so disgusted with Pope Julius II?

They believed that it was unholy for a

Christian, spiritual leader to be a military commander. As one critic wrote, “How,

O bishop standing in the room of the

Apostles, dare you teach the people the things that pertain to war?”

(pages 390

–391)



Martin Luther

• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible.



• Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. 

• He believed human deeds were powerless to affect God and that salvation was through faith alone. 

• God grants salvation to the faithful because he is merciful.

(pages 391

–393)



Martin Luther

(cont.)

• The idea of justification (being made right before God) by faith alone is the

Protestant Reformation’s chief teaching.



• For all Protestants, the Bible, not the

Church, became the only source of religious truth.



(pages 391

–393)

Martin Luther

(cont.)

• The widespread selling of indulgences upset Luther. 

• This practice simply harmed people’s chances of salvation, he believed. 

• Angered by the practice, in 1517 Luther sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to his church superiors.



• They attacked abuses in selling indulgences. 

• Thousands of copies were printed.

(pages 391

–393)



Martin Luther

(cont.)

• In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church.



• Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments –baptism and Communion– and called for the clergy to marry. 

• Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation.

(pages 391

–393)



Martin Luther

(cont.)

• The Church excommunicated Luther in 1521. 

• He was summoned to appear before the imperial diet (legislative assembly) of the

Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. 

• The emperor Charles V thought he could get Luther to change his ideas. 

• Luther refused, which outraged the emperor.

(pages 391

–393)



Martin Luther

(cont.)

• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the empire. 

• His books were to be burned and Luther delivered to the emperor. 

• Luther’s local ruler, however, protected him.



(pages 391

–393)

Martin Luther

(cont.)

• Luther’s religious movement soon became a revolution. 

• It gained support from many German rulers, who took control of Catholic churches and formed state churches supervised by the government.



• Luther set up new services to replace the

Mass, featuring Bible readings, preaching the word of God, and song. 

• His doctrine became known as

Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith.

(pages 391

–393)



Martin Luther

(cont.)

Why, according to Luther, would buying indulgences interfere with a person’s possibility of salvation?

If people thought they could get into

Heaven through buying indulgences, they would not attend to the quality of their faith.

(pages 391

–393)



Politics in the German

Reformation

• From the beginning Luther’s movement was tied to politics. 

• He believed the state was called by God to maintain the peace and order necessary to spread the gospel. 

• The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ruled an empire consisting of Spain, the

Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the

Low Countries, Milan, Naples, and

Spanish territories in the New World.

(page 393)




Reformation

(cont.)

• He wanted to keep all this Catholic and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty, but he faced many problems.



• Charles V’s chief political problem was his rivalry with Francis I, king of France. Pope

Clement VII also opposed him. 

• The pope joined the side of the French in their wars with Charles V. 

• Charles also had to send troops against the advancing Ottoman Empire. 

• Finally, many individual rulers of the

German states supported Luther.

(page 393)




Reformation

(cont.)

• Charles was forced to make peace with the Lutheran princes, which he did in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. 

• It accepted the division of Christianity within Germany. 

• German states could choose between

Catholicism and Lutheranism. 

• All states would have the same legal rights. 

• Rulers could choose their subjects’ religion.

(page 393)




Reformation

(cont.)

• The settlement did not recognize the right of subjects to choose their own religion, however, so it did not recognize religious tolerance for individuals.

(page 393)


Reformation

(cont.)

What right that was not recognized by the

Peace of Augsburg began to be recognized in the seventeenth century and was fully recognized in the U.S. Constitution?

The right of individuals to worship according to their consciences.

(page 393)





A. Christian humanism (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works

B. indulgence

C. salvation during the Renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the Catholic

Church the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death




Explain the impact of the Edict of

Worms.

Outlawing Luther turned his religious movement into a revolution.




List the ways Erasmus wanted to reform the Catholic Church.

Erasmus wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, provide education in the works of Christianity, and criticize abuses of the church.




Discuss What were the consequences of Luther’s Ninety-five Theses?

Luther’s Ninety-five Theses gave rise to separate religious reform movements and to the breakdown of religious unity in Europe.




Identify the event illustrated in the painting on page 391 of your textbook.

Why was this event significant? How has the painter portrayed Martin Luther?

Luther is posting his Ninety-five Theses on the church door.



Close

Explain the relevance of justification by faith and the sale of indulgences to Luther’s break from the Catholic

Church.

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Main Ideas

• Different forms of Protestantism emerged in

Europe as the Reformation spread. 

• The Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth. 

Key Terms

• predestination



• annul





• Ulrich Zwingli



• John Calvin



• Henry VIII



• Ignatius of Loyola




• Zürich



• Geneva



• Trent





• What different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe? 

• What were the contributions of the Jesuits, the papacy, and the Council of Trent to the revival of Catholicism?






On May 2, 1536, King Henry VIII of

England committed Anne Boleyn –his second wife, who had failed to bear him a son –to the Tower of London on a charge of adultery. Tried by a court of her peers and unanimously convicted, Boleyn was beheaded on May 19. On May 30, Henry married Jane Seymour.

The Zwinglian Reformation and Calvin and Calvinism

• With the Peace of Augsburg, the ideal of

Christian unity was lost forever. 

• Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zürich, began a new Christian group in Switzerland. 

• Relics and images were forbidden in the city, and a new service of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass.

(pages 395

–397)



The Zwinglian Reformation and

Calvin and Calvinism

(cont.)

• The Swiss and German reformers sought an alliance, but they could not agree on the meaning of the sacrament of

Communion. 

• In 1531, Zwingli was killed in a war between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland. 

• John Calvin assumed the leadership of

Protestantism in Switzerland.

(pages 395

–397)





(cont.)

• John Calvin fled Catholic France for

Switzerland after he converted to

Protestantism. 

• He placed a new emphasis on the allpowerful nature of God –what Calvin called the “power, grace, and glory of God.”



• This led him to the important idea of predestination, which meant that God in an “eternal decree” had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

(pages 395

–397)





(cont.)

• Calvin’s followers came to believe they were certain of salvation and were doing

God’s work on Earth.



• Calvinism became a dynamic, activist faith. 

• In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva. 

• He created a church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline.

(pages 395

–397)





(cont.)

• He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. 

• People who deviated could be punished, even for such “crimes” as dancing and gambling.



(pages 395

–397)



(cont.)

• Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism. 

• Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent throughout Europe. 

• By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.

(pages 395

–397)





(cont.)

How did Calvin differ from Luther in regard to achieving salvation?

Calvin agreed with Luther that humans achieved salvation by faith alone.

However, Calvin also believed that God determined in advance who would and would not be saved.

(pages 395

–397)



The Reformation in England

• Not religion but politics brought about the

English Reformation. 

• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not give him a male heir. 

• The pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage, however, and Henry turned to England’s church courts.



• The archbishop of Canterbury ruled that

Henry’s marriage to Catherine was null and void.

(pages 397

–398)




(cont.)

• Henry then married Anne Boleyn, who was crowned queen and who gave birth to a girl.



• The child later would become Queen

Elizabeth I.



(pages 397

–398)


(cont.)

• At Henry’s request, in 1534 Parliament moved to break England’s Catholic

Church away from the pope in Rome.



• The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king was the supreme head of the new Church of England. 

• The king controlled religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. 

• Thomas More famously opposed the king and was beheaded.

(pages 397

–398)




(cont.)

• Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold their land and possessions to the wealthy. 

• This gave him more money and supporters. 

• He stuck close to Catholic teachings, however. 

• The sickly nine-year-old Edward VI succeeded him. 

• During his reign, church officials moved the Church of England, also called the

Anglican Church, in a Protestant direction.

(pages 397

–398)




(cont.)

• Clergy could now marry, and a new church service developed.

(pages 397

–398)


(cont.)

• Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in 1553. 

• She wanted to return England to

Catholicism, but her actions had the opposite effect. 

• She earned the name “Bloody Mary” by having 300 Protestants burned as heretics. 

• By the end of her reign, England was more Protestant than ever.

(pages 397

–398)




(cont.)

For what reason do you think Thomas

More opposed King Henry VIII?

Thomas More believed that religious authority should be in the hands of religious leaders and that the supreme authority of the Church was the pope.

Also, he knew that Henry was moving against the Church out of self-interest.

(pages 397

–398)



The Anabaptists and

Effects on the Role of Women

• The radical Anabaptists rejected the involvement of the state in church affairs. 

• To them the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized. 

• This belief in adult baptism separated the

Anabaptists from both Catholics and

Protestants, who baptized infants.

(pages 398

–400)





(cont.)

• Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists considered all believers equal. 

• Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians were considered priests. 

• Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.

(pages 398

–400)





(cont.)

• Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state. 

• Government was not to even have political authority over real Christians. 

• Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms. 

• They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill. 

• Their political and religious beliefs caused

Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals.

(pages 398

–400)





(cont.)

• Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists. 

• Contemporary Mennonites and Amish are

Anabaptist communities.



(pages 398

–400)



(cont.)

• Protestants developed a new view of the family. 

• They had rejected the idea that special holiness stemmed from celibacy, and the family was placed at the center of human life. 

• Protestants extolled the “mutual love between man and wife.”

(pages 398

–400)





(cont.)

• Protestantism continued the traditional subservience and obedience of the wife, however. 

• Woman’s role was to bear children.



• This function was part of the divine plan, according to Luther and Calvin. 

• Protestantism did not change women’s subordinate place in society.

(pages 398

–400)





(cont.)

The Amish and Mennonites refuse to fight in wars. The American government allows them to forego military service. Do you agree or disagree with this policy? Why?

Possible answer: The government’s recognition of the right to be a pacifist is consistent with American ideals because this recognizes freedom of conscience.

(pages 398

–400)



The Catholic Reformation

• By the mid-sixteenth century, things did not look good for Catholicism due to the spread of Protestantism.



• However, the Catholic Church revitalized in the sixteenth century for three chief reasons: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent.



(pages 400

–401)


(cont.)

• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of

Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits.



• The pope recognized Loyola and his followers as a religious order in 1540. 

• Jesuits took a special vow of obedience to the pope. 

• They used education to spread their message.

(pages 400

–401)




(cont.)

• They were successful in restoring

Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe, and in spreading it to other parts of the world.

(pages 400

–401)


(cont.)

• Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the papacy and appointed a Reform

Commission in 1537 to determine the

Church’s ills.



• It blamed the corrupt policies of the popes. 

• Pope Paul III also convened the Council of Trent.

(pages 400

–401)




(cont.)

• In 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent.



• The council met off and on there for 18 years. 

• Its final decrees reaffirmed traditional

Catholic teachings in opposition to

Protestant beliefs. 

• Both faith and works were needed for salvation. 

• The seven sacraments, the Catholic view of Communion (Eucharist), and clerical celibacy were upheld.

(pages 400

–401)




(cont.)

• Belief in purgatory and the use of indulgences was strengthened, though selling indulgences was forbidden.



• After the Council of Trent, the Roman

Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the pope. 

• It had a renewed spirit of confidence.



(pages 400

–401)


(cont.)

What is the Catholic belief in purgatory?

Purgatory is the state in which the souls who have died in grace work off their sins before entering into Heaven.



(pages 400

–401)



A. predestination

B. annul determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)




Describe the results of “Bloody Mary’s” religious policies. How might Mary’s actions have indirectly affected the history of the United States?

English Protestants came to America.




List which countries had adopted

Calvinism and which had adopted

Lutheranism by the mid-sixteenth century.

Lutheranism was adopted in Germany and Scandinavia. Calvinism was adopted in Switzerland, France, the

Netherlands, and eastern Europe.




Analyze How were the religious reforms in Zürich consistent with the aims of the Reformation?

The reforms removed relics and images.




Identify the details shown in the portrait of Henry VIII on page 397 of your textbook that illustrate his power and authority. How did the king use his position as “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England”? Based on what you have read in your text, do you think that Henry was a religious man? Explain your answer.

His regal attire and the fact that he had his marriage annulled illustrate his power, authority, and position as the head of the Church of England.



Close

Summarize the major differences between the practices of

Protestantism and Catholicism.

Chapter Summary

The Renaissance was a period of great intellectual and artistic achievement.

Religious rebirth followed in the 1500s.

Chapter Summary

Using Key Terms

Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences.

1. The study of grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and history was the basis of the intellectual movement belief that God chose who would be saved and who would be damned.

people live in cities.

4. A remission, after death, from all or part of the

5. An image painted on fresh, wet plaster is called a



Reviewing Key Facts

History Which family dominated

Florence during the Renaissance?

The Medici family dominated Florence during the Renaissance.




Culture The Renaissance was a rebirth of the ideas of which ancient civilizations?

The Renaissance was a rebirth of

Greek and Roman ideas.




Government How were the city-states of

Renaissance Italy governed? What social classes were present in the typical citystate?

They were governed by wealthy families – the Visconti and Sforza families in Milan, the Medici family in Florence, and a group of merchant-aristocrats in the republic of

Venice. Nobility, townspeople (including wealthy patricians as well as burghers – shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members), and peasants were present in a typical city-state.




History How did Ignatius of Loyola help to reform Catholicism?

He helped reform Catholicism by establishing the Society of Jesus, or

Jesuits, a religious order that took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope and used education to spread their messages, restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern

Europe and spreading it to other parts of the world.




Culture When were children considered adults in Renaissance

Italy?

Children were considered adults when their father decided to give them their freedom.




Analyzing Why did Martin Luther split with the Catholic Church? Identify the causes that led to the Protestant

Reformation.




Luther’s study of the Bible led him to believe that humans are saved through their faith in God alone, and that grace could not be earned by performing good works. This was at odds with the Catholic doctrine that salvation depended on faith and good works. Luther also attacked abuses in the sale of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses. He attacked the Church’s view of the sacraments, keeping only baptism and the Eucharist. He was opposed to celibacy of the clergy. Eventually he called on the

German princes to break with the Catholic Church and establish a reformed German church. Luther was excommunicated by the pope and made an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire by Charles V. During the next few years, his movement became a revolution, and he gained the support of many of the

German rulers who broke with the Catholic Church.


Explaining List one masterpiece of

Renaissance literature or art and explain how it reflects Renaissance ideals.

Analyzing Maps and Charts

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following slides.


Study the map on the right. What are two of the bodies of water that border the Holy

Roman Empire?

The North Sea and the Mediterranean border the Holy

Roman Empire.




Using a contemporary atlas, name the modern countries that are within the boundaries of what was the Holy

Roman Empire.

The Netherlands,

Belgium, Germany,

Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Czech

Republic, Austria, and parts of Italy, France, and Slovenia are within the boundaries of what was the Holy Roman Empire.




According to this map, was Rome a part of the Holy

Roman Empire in 1400?

No, Rome was not a part of the Holy

Roman Empire in

1400.



Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Use the passage below and your knowledge of world history to answer the following question.

from the Ninety-five Theses (1517)

Ignorant and wicked are the doings of those priests who, in the case of the dying, reserve canonical penances for purgatory.

Standardized Test Practice

Martin Luther’s famous document attacked the Catholic

Church for which practice?

F The Catholic Church had allowed humanism to spread through Europe.

G Luther disagreed with the doctrine of predestination.

H Many religious leaders sold indulgences.

J The Catholic popes were too concerned with worldly affairs.

Test-Taking Tip If the question asks you to read a quote, look for clues that reveal its historical context. Such clues can be found in the title and date of the text as well as in the quote itself. Determining the historical context will help you to determine the quote’s historical significance or the importance it has gained over time.



Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://wh.glencoe.com

Art and Literature

Arts

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Art and Literature Give examples from this section of innovations in literature and art that resulted from the influence of humanism.

Arts Research specific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci and prepare an illustrated essay or chart detailing his contributions to fields other than art.

Vocabulary Take time to look up the following terms in the dictionary and then discuss their meaning in the class: indulgences, purgatory, remission, and dogma.

These terms are critical to understanding the reform movement begun by Martin Luther.

Politics Make a chart in which you show the country, leader, and basic beliefs and religious reforms of

Zwinglism, Calvinism, the Anabaptists, and

Anglicanism.

Cartography

Study Skills

Sociology

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

Cartography Work in pairs to create thematic maps showing the trade routes described in the text, including wool coming from England to be made into cloth in Italy, and spices and silks coming from the east.

Study Skills Create a time line of the Italian

Renaissance that includes ten to twenty important events, art works, or scientific achievements that were produced during this time.

Sociology Analyze the information presented in the textbook concerning the three estates and construct an accurate pyramid showing the percentage distribution of the first, second, and third estates.

Government The city-state of Florence had a republican form of government. You should recognize the United States also has a republican form of government. In a republic, citizens vote for representatives who will make governmental decisions for them.

Henry VIII was married a total of six times.

Research his marriages and make a family tree showing his wives and his offspring.

What changes did Renaissance artists bring to the arts of Europe?

How did Luther’s protest affect European religious life?

Summarizing Information

Why Learn This Skill?

Imagine you have been assigned a chapter on the

Renaissance for a midterm. After taking a short break, you discover that you cannot recall important information. What can you do to avoid this problem? 

When you read a long selection, it is helpful to take notes.

Summarizing information –reducing large amounts of information to a few key phrases –can help you remember the main ideas and important facts.

This feature can be found on page 394 of your textbook.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.


Learning the Skill

To summarize information, follow these guidelines when you read: 

• Distinguish the main ideas from the supporting details.

Use the main ideas in the summary. 

• Use your own words to describe the main ideas. Do not copy the selection word for word. 

• Summarize the author’s opinion if you think it is important.



• If the summary is almost as long as the reading selection, you are including too much information. The summary should be very short.




Practicing the Skill

Read the selection below, and then answer the questions that follow.

For the next 30 years, the French and Spanish made Italy their battleground as they fought to dominate the country. A decisive turning point in their war came in 1527. On May 5, thousands of troops belonging to the Spanish king

Charles I arrived at the city of Rome along with mercenaries from different countries. They had not been paid for months. When they yelled, “Money!

Money!” their leader responded, “If you have ever dreamed of pillaging a town and laying hold of its treasures, here now is one, the richest of them all, queen of the world.”

The next day the invading forces smashed down the gates and pushed their way into the city. The terrible sack of Rome in 1527 by the armies of the

Spanish king Charles I ended the Italian wars and left the Spanish a dominant force in Italy.




What are the main ideas of this paragraph?

The wars of the French and Spanish in Italy led to the sack of Rome.


Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.



What are the supporting details of the main ideas?

Supporting details include dates, the names of the Spanish king, and the quotation.





Write a brief summary of two or three sentences that will help you remember what the paragraph is about.

Possible answer: The French and Spanish fought in Italy for 30 years. When the Spanish king could not pay his troops, they sacked

Rome. This ended the war, and Spain dominated Italy.



This detail from the Sistine Chapel is titled The Creation of Adam.

Read Painting the Sistine Chapel on page 374 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.


Who hired Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Pope Julius II hired Michelangelo.



What was Michelangelo’s attitude toward his art?

His attitude was very serious. He did not want to finish until he was satisfied.



How is the authority of the pope evident in this story?

Michelangelo did not want to paint the ceiling, but the pope insisted. The ceiling was finished early to please the pope.



Click the image on the right to listen to an excerpt from page 388 of your textbook. Read the information on page 388 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.



Name the qualities that Vasari admires in

Leonardo da Vinci.

Vasari admires da Vinci’s physical beauty, infinite grace, genius, strength and dexterity, regal spirit, and tremendous breadth of mind.



How does Vasari’s description of da Vinci reflect the ideals of Italian Renaissance humanism?

He was a well-rounded person who was very accomplished in a wide range of areas, including painting, sculpture, architecture, writing, geometry, and engineering.



The Impact of Printing

The Renaissance saw the development of printing in

Europe. In the fifteenth century,

Europeans gradually learned how to print with movable metal type. Johannes Gutenberg of

Germany played a crucial role in the process. Gutenberg’s

Bible, printed about 1455, was the first European book produced from movable type.

Read the excerpt on page 380 of your textbook and answer the question on the following slide.


Analyzing Why do you think the printing of books encouraged people’s desire to gain knowledge?

Printing made books much more common and less expensive. More people would see them and want to know what was in them.



Da Vinci, a Renaissance Man

Objectives

After viewing “Da Vinci, a Renaissance Man,” you should:



• Understand why Leonardo da Vinci is the person most associated with the achievements of the Italian

Renaissance. 

• Know that many of his ideas anticipated later discoveries or inventions. 

• Appreciate that he excelled in both the arts and sciences of his time.


Click in the window above to view a preview of the World History video.


Which two paintings are Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous?

Leonardo’s most famous paintings are Mona

Lisa and The Last Supper .




What resulted from Leonardo’s fascination with birds and wind?

Leonardo used his studies of nature to design devices that would enable people to fly.



Niccol ò Machiavelli 1513 actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary



has dignity and worth seek fulfillment

Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their full potential.



the Bible excommunicated

Martin Luther the policy of selling indulgences



4

Church of England

Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anabaptist



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