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The Muslim
Empires
1450-1800
Chapter Objectives
• Students should be able to:
• 1. describe the expansion of
Ottoman Empire.
• 2. discuss the achievements of Mehmet II
and Suleyman the Magnificent.
• 3. discuss Ottoman rule, including the
division of people by religion and occupation.
• 4. highlight Ottoman achievement in art and
architecture.
• 5. describe the signs of decline of the
Ottoman Empire.
The Impact Today
• Muslim art and architecture forms
have endured, and examples can be
found throughout the world.
• Since the territory once occupied by
the Ottoman and Safavid dynasties
produces one-third of the world’s oil
supply, these regions continue to
prosper.
Section 1: The Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans began to
build their power in
the northwest
corner of the
Anatolian Pen.
• Ottomans began to
expand in the early
1300s.
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http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/
Rise of Ottoman Turks
• Ottomans
expanded west
because their
Muslim brothers
were to the south
and east.
• In 1300s Ottomans
expanded into the
Balkans.
http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/
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Rise of Ottoman Turks
• Ottoman rulers claimed
title of sultan.
• Built strong military
around the elite guard
called the Janissaries.
• Janissaries: Christians
who converted to Islam
and became one of the
strongest infantries in the
world.
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http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/janissaries_gallery.htm
Expansion of the Empire
• Annexed Bulgaria in 1390s.
• Under Mehmet II (known
as the conqueror) the
Ottomans moved to end
Byzantine Empire.
• Mehmet II with 80,000
troops laid siege to
Constantinople with 7,000
defenders.
• Constantinople became
Istanbul.
http://outlookturkey.com/archives/169
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http://www.baluch-rugs.com/History/People/Sultan_Mehmed_II.htm
Western Asia and Africa
• With Constantinople, the
Ottomans controlled the
Balkans and the
Anatolian Penin.
• Sultan Selim I gained
Mesopotamia, Egypt,
and Arabia.
• Declared himself Caliph.
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http://outlookturkey.com/archives/169
Western Asia and Africa
• In many cases people conquered by
Ottomans were treated better.
• Pashas collected taxes, maintained law
and order, and were responsible to the
sultan.
• In 1453, the Ottomans tried to complete
their conquest of the Balkans.
Europe and the Ottoman Empire
• Reign of Suleyman I began in 1520.
• Attacked Europe and seized
Belgrade in 1526.
• Ottomans were finally defeated in
1529 in Austria.
• Ottoman navy suffered defeat to
Spain in 1571.
Europe and the Ottoman Empire
• In 1680’s Ottomans attacked
Vienna and were defeated.
• They were pushed out of Hungary
and would never again be a threat
to central Europe.
The Nature of Ottoman Rule
• Ottoman Empire was
labeled a “gunpowder
empire.”
• Gunpowder empires
were formed by outside
conquerors who unified
the regions that they
conquered.
http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489087012325397
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The Nature of Ottoman Rule
• Sultan: was the
supreme authority in
both a political and
military sense.
• Position of sultan
was hereditary.
• Topkapi, palace in
Istanbul, center of
sultan’s power.
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The Nature of Ottoman Rule
• 2nd in command to
Sultan was the grand
vizier.
• Harem: known as the
private domain of the
sultan.
• Sultans often chose 4
wives.
http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/special/wildershores/turkey/turkey.htm
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Religion in the Ottoman World
• Ottomans were
Sunni Muslims.
• Ottoman caliphs
were
responsible for
maintaining
Islamic law.
http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0189-caliphs.php
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Religion in the Ottoman World
• Sultan gave
religious duties to
religious advisers
known as the
ulema.
• The ulema carried
out legal system
and schools to
educate Muslims.
http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0189-caliphs.php
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Ottoman Society
• Ottoman subjects were
divided by occupation:
–Peasants
–Artisans
–Merchants
–Pastoral peoples
Ottoman Society
• Sultan only person who could
own land.
• Rented his land out to farmers.
• Merchants most privileged class
in Ottoman society.
• Women often treated with more
equality than Arab neighbors.
Problems in the Ottoman Empire
1. Sultans became less involved in
government.
2. Allowed more power to ministers.
3. Training of officials declined.
4. Wars drained the treasury.
5. Internal corruption.
6. Began to imitate European
lifestyles.
Ottoman Art
• Greatest contribution
of Ottoman Empire
was architecture.
• Modeled architecture
after Hagia Sophia.
• Sinan: greatest of all
Ottoman architects.
http://www.chocolate-fish.net/img_-2817
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RULER
MEHMET II
SELIM I
CONTRIBUTIONS
Captured
Constantinople
Captured
Mesopotamia, Egypt,
Arabia, & North
Africa
SULEYMAN Led attacks on
I
Europe
EFFECT ON
EMPIRE
Gave empire
control of
Balkans and
Anatolian Pen.
Gave empire
control of holy
cities.
Europeans
defeated the
Ottomans
Section 2: THE RULE OF THE
SAFAVIDS
• Safavids were
Shiites not
Sunnis.
• The Safavid
dynasty was
founded by Shah
Ismail.
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http://melloul9.truefreehost.com/safavid-persian.html
Section 2: THE RULE OF THE
SAFAVIDS
• 1501, Ismail seized much of Iran and
Iraq.
• Called himself shah.
• Shah means king.
• Shah Ismail tried to
convert Ottoman
Sunnis.
• Massacred Sunnis
at Baghdad.
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http://voicesinwartime.org/category/tag/timeline
Section 2: THE RULE OF THE
SAFAVIDS
• Ottomans and Safavids fought many
wars against each other.
• Safavids used their Shiite faith as a
unifying force.
• Shah claimed himself
to be spiritual leader
of Islam.
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http://voicesinwartime.org/category/tag/timeline
Glory and Decline
• Under Shah Abbas
the Safavids reached
the high point of their
empire.
• European countries
helped Safavids
against the Ottomans
who were more of a
threat.
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http://www.iranchamber.com/exhibition/exhibitions/0902_shah_abbas.php
Glory and Decline
• After Shah Abbas’s death, Shiite
religious leaders began to become
more powerful.
• Religious orthodoxy began to grow.
• Orthodoxy: traditional beliefs;
especially in religion.
Glory and Decline
• Women were forced into seclusion and
required to wear the veil.
• Due to an invasion by the Afghan
peoples the Safavid Dynasty sank into
anarchy.
• Anarchy is a
period of
Lawlessness and
disorder.
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Political and Social
Structures
• Political system was a pyramid
shape.
• Shah on top, government officers
and land owners in the middle and
common people at the bottom.
• Safavid rulers were eagerly
supported by Shiites who believed
that Shah Ismail was a direct
descendant of Muhammad.
Political and Social
Structures
• Shahs tended to be more available
to their subjects than other rulers.
• Shahs seized land from landed
aristocracy.
• Government appointments were
based on merit not birth.
• Safavids were not as prosperous as
the Monguls or the Ottomans.
Safavid Culture
• Silk weaving
flourished under
Safavid culture.
• Carpet weaving
flourished and is
still in high demand
to this day.
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Safavid Culture
• Riza-I-Abbasi was the
most famous artist in
Safavid art.
• Used soft colors and
flowing movements.
• Go over Venn Diagram
on page 470.
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Section 3: The Grandeur of the
Moguls
• In 1500, Indian
subcontinent
divided between
Hindu and Muslim
kingdoms.
• Founder of Mogul
Empire was Babur.
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http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0004873.html
The Mogul Dynasty
• Babur’s forces were
far smaller than their
enemies armies but
they had more
advanced weapons.
• Against a force ten
times its size the
Babur’s seized
Delhi.
Mughal sword
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The Reign of
Akbar
• Babur’s grandson
Akbar came to power
at age 14.
• By 1605, he brought
Mogul rule to India.
• Akbar perhaps
greatest monarch.
• Known for humane
character.
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The Reign of
Akbar
• Akbar born Muslim
but
was religiously tolerant.
• Akbar was also tolerant
in his administration of
the government.
• Peasants were required
to pay a third of annual
harvest to government.
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The Reign of
Akbar
• Most prosperous
in
terms of foreign trade.
• Most trade was handled
by Muslims because
Mogul and Indian
traders did not care for
sea travel.
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Decline of Moguls
• Grandson of Akbar, Shah
Jahan failed to deal with
domestic problems.
– Inherited nearly empty
treasury.
– Military and building
campaigns raised taxes.
– Most subjects lived in
poverty.
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Decline of Moguls
• Problems continued:
–Shah Jahan’s poor
health worsened and
rivalry occurred
between sons.
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Decline of Moguls
• Aurangzeb one of India’s
most controversal rulers.
• Tried to eliminate India’s
social evils.
• He forbade suttee.
• Suttee: is where wife
would be burned to death
on the funeral pyre of her
husband.
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Decline of Moguls
• Tried to stop the levying of
illegal taxes, gambling and
drinking.
• Aurangzeb was not
religiously tolerant.
–Building Hindu temples was
forbidden.
–Hindus had to convert to
Islam.
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British in India
• Arrival of British hastened
Mogul decline.
• British carried Indian-made
cotton to trade for spices in
East Indies.
• British East India Company
main British presence in
India.
British in India
• Britain defeated France and
became a dominant presence
in Indian until after WWII.
• Battle of Plassey, British
defeated Indian army and
gave Britain control of lands
around Calcutta.
Society and Daily Life in
Mogul India
• Moguls were foreigners in India.
• Moguls were Muslims and ruled a
largely Hindu civilization.
• Women played an important role in
Mogul traditional society.
• Women fought along side men in some
cases.
• Mogul era saw emergence of nobility
and prosperous merchant class.
Society and Daily Life in
Mogul India
• With introduction of Islam, some
restrictions were place upon
women.
• The practice of isolating women fell
more in line with Hindu practices.
• Suttee custom continued even
with Mogul influence.
• Child marriage remained
common.
Mogul Culture
• Moguls brought
Persian and Indian
culture together.
• Best seen in the
creation of the Taj
Mahal.
• Built by Shah Jahan
for his wife.
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Taj Mahal
• Project employed
20,000 workers and
last more than 20
years.
• Taxes were raised to
build it and peasants
went further into
poverty.
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Taj Mahal
• The Taj Mahal
is widely
considered to
be the most
beautiful
building in India,
if not the world.
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Akbar style of art
• Combined Persian
and Indian motifs.
• Included portrayal
of humans in action.
• Imitated European
art in terms of
perspective and
lifelike portraits.
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http://www.artoflegendindia.com/akbar-restrains-hawaian-enraged-elephant-spectators-p-3982.html
Cause and Effect in Mogul Dynasty
Causes
Effects
Jahangir influenced by wife Weaken succession to the
throne
Shah Jahan’s expensive Government forced to raise
projects
taxes
Aurangzeb’s strict social
Domestic unrest
rules
Aurangzeb’s religious
Hindu revolt
intolerance
Arrival of British
Weaken internal control